{"id":122,"date":"2021-10-20T15:04:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T12:04:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.safirtema.com\/safirblog\/2018\/05\/03\/kisin-egzotik-bir-tatil-isteyenler-icin-tayland\/"},"modified":"2021-11-29T13:11:12","modified_gmt":"2021-11-29T10:11:12","slug":"yahudilik-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/yahudilik-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"Yahudilik Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#Yahudilik_Tarihi\">Yahudilik Tarihi<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#Yahudilik_Tarihinin_Onemi_ve_Ogrenim_Nedenleri\">Yahudilik Tarihinin \u00d6nemi ve \u00d6\u011frenim Nedenleri<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#YahudiYahudilik_Isimlendirmesi\">Yahudi\/Yahudilik \u0130simlendirmesi<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#Ibrani\">\u0130brani<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Israil\">\u0130srail<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Yahudi\">Yahudi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Musevi\">Musevi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#CifitCufut\">\u00c7\u0131f\u0131t\/\u00c7ufut<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#Yahudilik_Dininin_Tarihsel_Gelisimi\">Yahudilik Dininin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#Yaratilistan_Ibrahimenbsp\">Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan \u0130brahim\u2019e&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Ibrahim_Ishak_Yakup_Doneminbsp\">\u0130brahim \u2013 \u0130shak \u2013 Yakup D\u00f6nemi&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Israilogullarinin_Tarih_Sahnesine_Cikisinbsp\">\u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n Tarih Sahnesine \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Misirdan_Cikis_ve_Krallik_Doneminbsp\">M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ve Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Kralligin_Bolunmesinden_Surgune_Israil_Kralligi\">Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n B\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden S\u00fcrg\u00fcne \u0130srail Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#II_Mabed_Doneminbsp\">II. M\u00e2bed D\u00f6nemi&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Israilogullarinin_Dunyaya_Dagilmasi\">\u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n D\u00fcnyaya Da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Roma_Bizans_ve_Avrupada_Yahudiler\">Roma Bizans ve Avrupa\u2019da Yahudiler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Sabatay_Sevi_ve_Hareketi\">Sabatay Sevi ve Hareketi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Hasidiler_ve_Hasidi_Hareketi\">Hasidiler ve Hasidi Hareketi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Haskala_Aydinlanma_Donemi\">Haskala (Ayd\u0131nlanma) D\u00f6nemi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Siyonizm_Hareketi_ve_Gayeleri\">Siyonizm Hareketi ve Gayeleri<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Holokost_ve_Yeniden_Soykirim\">Holokost ve Yeniden Soyk\u0131r\u0131m<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Turkiye_Musevileri\">T\u00fcrkiye Musevileri<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#Kaynaklar\">Kaynaklar<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Yahudilik_Tarihi\"><strong>Yahudilik Tarihi<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Yahudilik_Tarihinin_Onemi_ve_Ogrenim_Nedenleri\"><strong style=\"color: initial; font-size: medium;\">Yahudilik Tarihinin \u00d6nemi ve \u00d6\u011frenim Nedenleri<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yahudilik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yahudilik\">Yahudi <\/a>tarihi ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesi \u00fc\u00e7 temel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1-Kuran\u0131 Kerim\u2019de Yahudilerle ilgili pek \u00e7ok ayet bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu ayetlerde hem Yahudi tarihine dair bilgiler hem de Yahudilerin karakterlerine y\u00f6nelik sert ele\u015ftiriler mevcuttur. Bu noktada gerek Yahudi tarihi gerekse inan\u00e7 ve uygulamalar\u0131na dair ayetlerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 Yahudilik bilgisine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2-Ba\u015fta tefsir kitaplar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/israiliyat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/israiliyat\">\u0130srailiyat <\/a>rivayeti yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu rivayetlerin do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in iyi derecede Yahudilik bilgisine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3-<a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/kudus\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/kudus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kud\u00fcs <\/a>ve <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/mescid-i-aksa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/mescid-i-aksa\">Mescidi Aksa <\/a>merkezli cereyan eden sorunlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir zeminde anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in Filistin<a name=\"_ftnref6\" href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ve Mescidi Aksa\u2019n\u0131n Yahudiler i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fini, Yahudilerin inan\u00e7 esaslar\u0131n\u0131, tarihlerini ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bilmek hayati \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"YahudiYahudilik_Isimlendirmesi\"><strong style=\"color: initial;\">Yahudi\/Yahudilik \u0130simlendirmesi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4><span id=\"Ibrani\"><strong>\u0130brani<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/mescid-i-aksa\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/mescid-i-aksa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tevrat<\/a>\u2019ta <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0brani\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0brani\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0130brani <\/a>olarak nitelendirilen ilk ki\u015fi <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ibrahim--peygamber\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ibrahim--peygamber\">Hazreti \u0130brahim<\/a>\u2019dir. Sonras\u0131nda onun soyundan gelenler de bu ad\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><span id=\"Israil\"><strong>\u0130srail<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Hz. <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yakub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yakub\">Yakup\u2019un <\/a>lakab\u0131d\u0131r. Hem Tevrat\u2019ta hem de Kur\u2019an\u2019da Hz. Yakup\u2019tan \u0130srail lakab\u0131 ile bahsedilmektedir. Tevrat bu lakab\u0131 \u201cTanr\u0131 ile g\u00fcre\u015fen\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullanmaktad\u0131r. Kur\u2019an\u2019da bunun hangi anlamda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmemektedir. \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda ise bu lakab\u0131n \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7kin kulu\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi zikredilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><span id=\"Yahudi\"><strong>Yahudi<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Kelimenin k\u00f6keni Hz. Yakub\u2019un o\u011fullar\u0131ndan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yehuda_(Beni_%C4%B0srail)\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yehuda_(Beni_%C4%B0srail)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Yehuda<\/a>\u2019ya dayanmaktad\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/suleyman\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/suleyman\">Hz. S\u00fcleyman<\/a>\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuzeyde \u0130srail, g\u00fcneyde Yahuda olarak ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yahudi isimlendirmesi de \u201cYehuda\u2019da ya\u015fayanlar\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><span id=\"Musevi\"><strong>Musevi<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/musa--peygamber\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/musa--peygamber\">Musa<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n yasas\u0131na tabi olanlar ve onu takip edenler anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer milletlerinde kullan\u0131m\u0131 olmayan bir isimlendirmedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yahudiler Musevi isimlendirmesini kullanmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><span id=\"CifitCufut\"><strong>\u00c7\u0131f\u0131t\/\u00c7ufut<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Kelimenin k\u00f6keni Yahudileri ifade etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan Arap\u00e7a Yehud kelimesine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Yehud kelimesi Fars\u00e7a\u2019ya cuhud olarak, Fars\u00e7adan Osmanl\u0131ca ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk\u00e7e leh\u00e7elerine de <a href=\"https:\/\/gag.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%87%C4%B1f%C4%B1tlar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/gag.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%87%C4%B1f%C4%B1tlar\">\u00c7\u0131f\u0131d<\/a>\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u0131f\u0131t tabiri halk aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenbaz, hilek\u00e2r, fesat anlamlar\u0131na gelecek \u015fekilde olumsuz \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kur\u2019an\u2019da Yahudileri ifade etmek i\u00e7in Beni \u0130srail, Yehud, Yehudi, H\u00fbd, kavmi Musa, ashab\u0131 Musa, vellezineh\u00e2du ifadeleri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Yahudiler \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ehl-i-kitap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ehl-i-kitap\">Ehli Kitap<\/a>\u201d ve \u201ckendilerine kitap verilenler\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fc ifadelerle Hristiyanlarla birlikte zikredilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Yahudilik_Dininin_Tarihsel_Gelisimi\"><strong style=\"color: initial;\">Yahudilik Dininin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Yahudilik-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2257\" width=\"249\" height=\"156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Yahudilik-9.jpg 618w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Yahudilik-9-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Yaratilistan_Ibrahimenbsp\"><strong>Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan \u0130brahim\u2019e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevrat\u2019\u0131n tarih anlat\u0131m\u0131nda kronolojik bir y\u00f6ntem takip edilir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan Tevrat daha sonra insan\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevrat\u2019\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re tanr\u0131 Adem\u2019i ve Havva\u2019y\u0131 yaratt\u0131ktan sonra Aden bah\u00e7esinde bulunan meyvelerin hepsinden yiyebileceklerini, sadece bah\u00e7enin ortas\u0131nda bulunan meyveden yememeleri gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Fakat y\u0131lan Havva\u2019y\u0131 kand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve o, meyveden yedi\u011fi gibi Adem\u2019e de yedirmi\u015ftir. Bu sebeple Tanr\u0131 onlar\u0131 bah\u00e7eden kovmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adem\u2019in Kayin ve Habil ad\u0131nda o\u011fullar\u0131 olmu\u015f ve bunlar Tanr\u0131ya kurban sunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 Habil\u2019in kurban\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f fakat Kayin\u2019in kurban\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmemi\u015ftir. Habil\u2019i k\u0131skanan Kabil onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sonra \u00c2dem ile Havva\u2019n\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/sit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/sit\">\u015eit <\/a>ad\u0131nda ba\u015fka o\u011fullar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zaman i\u00e7erisinde say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falan insan neslinin yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde zorbal\u0131k yapmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Tanr\u0131 onlara yok edece\u011fini bildirmi\u015f ve ard\u0131ndan da <a href=\"https:\/\/kuranfihristi.net\/fihrist\/tufan\" title=\"https:\/\/kuranfihristi.net\/fihrist\/tufan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nuh Tufan\u0131<\/a> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan olay ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Nuh ile birlikte gemiye binen insanlar ve Nuh\u2019un gemiye ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayvanlar tufandan kurtulmu\u015ftur. Tufan sonras\u0131nda insanl\u0131k Nuh\u2019un <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/sam--nuh\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/sam--nuh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sam<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ham\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ham\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ham <\/a>ve <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yafes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yafes\">Yafet <\/a>isimli \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sam, Yahudi ve Araplar\u0131n; Ham, Afrika milletlerinin; <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yafes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yafes\">Yafet <\/a>ise Avrupa ve Asyal\u0131lar\u0131n atas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanr\u0131 Tufan sonras\u0131nda Nuh ile ahit yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ahdin temel maddeleri kanl\u0131 et yememek ve insan kan\u0131 d\u00f6kmemek \u00fczerine kuruludur. Tanr\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n simgesinin \u201cg\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu bildirmi\u015f ve bir daha tufanla canl\u0131lar\u0131 yok etmeyece\u011fine dair s\u00f6z vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Ibrahim_Ishak_Yakup_Doneminbsp\"><strong>\u0130brahim \u2013 \u0130shak \u2013 Yakup D\u00f6nemi&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Geleneksel Yahudi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Yahudi tarihini Hz. \u0130brahim ile ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Adem\u2019den \u0130brahim\u2019e kadar olan d\u00f6nem D\u00fcnya Tarihi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde anlat\u0131l\u0131rken Hz. \u0130brahim ile birlikte Yahudilerin kendi tarihleri ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevrat\u2019\u0131n nakline g\u00f6re \u0130brahim <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keldaniler\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keldaniler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Keldanilerin <\/a>Ur kentinde (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Irak\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi) d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015f, sonras\u0131nda ailesi ile <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harran\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harran\">Harran<\/a>\u2019a (Urfa\u2019ya) g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir. \u0130brahim Harran\u2019da iken Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Kenan \u00dclkesine yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Filistin topraklar\u0131na gitmesi emredilmi\u015ftir. Tanr\u0131 Kenan \u00fclkesini \u0130brahim\u2019in soyuna verece\u011fini vaat etmi\u015ftir. Vaat edilmi\u015f toprak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini k\u00f6keni tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u0130brahim\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu vaade dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00f6z konusu vaat birka\u00e7 kez tekrarlanm\u0131\u015f ve bunlardan birinde de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a M\u0131s\u0131r \u0131rma\u011f\u0131ndan F\u0131rat\u2019a kadar olan b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131n \u0130brahim soyuna verilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir. Tanr\u0131 \u0130brahim\u2019in soyuna Kenan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 miras b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve soyunu alabildi\u011fine \u00e7o\u011faltaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vadederken kendisi ile \u0130brahim aras\u0131ndaki bu taahh\u00fcd\u00fcn\/anla\u015fman\u0131n sembol\u00fc olarak \u0130brahim soyundan gelen erkeklerin s\u00fcnnet olmalar\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u0130brahim milletinden olman\u0131n bir alameti olarak erkeklerin s\u00fcnneti tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u0130brahim ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fman\u0131n simgesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130brahim d\u00f6neminden ye\u011feni Lut\u2019un kavmi olan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sodom_ve_Gomora\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sodom_ve_Gomora\">Sodom ve Gomora <\/a>halk\u0131 cinsel sapk\u0131nl\u0131ktan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc helak edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130brahim\u2019i insan suretinde ziyaret eden melekler ona hem \u00e7ocuk m\u00fcjdelemi\u015f hem de Lut\u2019un kavmini helak etmeye gittiklerini bildirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130brahim\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 cariyesi<a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/hacer\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/hacer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Hacer<\/a>\u2019den olma <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ismail--peygamber\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ismail--peygamber\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0130smail <\/a>ve e\u015fi <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/sare\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/sare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sara<\/a>\u2019dan olma <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ishak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ishak\">\u0130shak <\/a>\u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u0130shak d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011finde \u0130smail 14 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Sara hamile kal\u0131p \u0130shak\u2019\u0131 do\u011furduktan sonra Hacer ve o\u011flu \u0130smail evden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanr\u0131 \u0130brahim\u2019den biricik o\u011flunu kurban olarak sunmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Bu o\u011flun \u0130shak oldu\u011fu Tevrat\u2019ta belirtilirken Kur\u2019an\u2019da isim zikredilmez. \u0130slam gelene\u011finde bu o\u011flun \u0130smail oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. \u0130brahim tanr\u0131n\u0131n bu emrine teslimiyet g\u00f6stererek imtihan\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 o\u011flun yerine kurban olarak bir ko\u00e7 g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130shak,Rebeka ile evlenmi\u015f, Esav ve Yakup ad\u0131nda o\u011fullar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u0130braniler aras\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli olan ilk o\u011fulluk hakk\u0131n\u0131 Esav, bir \u00e7orba kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Yakup\u2019a satm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130shak ya\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Esav\u2019\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rarak onu kutsamak istemi\u015ftir. Fakat Yakup annesi ile bir hile yaparak Esav\u2019\u0131n k\u0131yafetlerine benzer k\u0131yafetler giymi\u015f, g\u00f6zleri g\u00f6rmeyen babas\u0131n\u0131 aldatm\u0131\u015f ve kutsama duas\u0131n\u0131 kendisine yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu farkeden Esav, \u00f6fkelenerek Yakup\u2019u \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek istemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yakup Esav\u2019dan korkarak Harran\u2019daki day\u0131 Lavan\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve orada day\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131zlar\u0131 Lea ve Rahel ile evlenmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n birer de cariyesi vard\u0131r. Yakup\u2019un bu 4 kad\u0131ndan 13 \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan 12\u2019si erkek, 2 tanesi k\u0131zd\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yusuf\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yusuf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Yusuf <\/a>ve <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/bunyamin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/bunyamin\">B\u00fcnyamin <\/a>Rahel\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Israilogullarinin_Tarih_Sahnesine_Cikisinbsp\"><strong>\u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n Tarih Sahnesine \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2279\" width=\"330\" height=\"158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-1.jpg 702w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-1-300x144.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Hz. Yakup\u2019un s\u0131fat\u0131 \u0130srail oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in onun 12 o\u011flu ve soyu da \u0130srail\u2019in (Yakup\u2019un) o\u011fullar\u0131 olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hz. Yakup o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan en fazla Yusuf\u2019u sevmekteydi. Bu durum karde\u015flerinin k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k ve kinlerini art\u0131rd\u0131. Yusuf bir g\u00fcn r\u00fcyas\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f, ay ve 11 y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n kendisine secde etti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bu r\u00fcya Kur\u2019an\u2019da ve Tevrat\u2019ta ortak olarak anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevrat\u2019ta bu r\u00fcyadan \u00f6nce Yusuf\u2019un bir r\u00fcya daha g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc r\u00fcya Yusuf\u2019un a\u011fz\u0131ndan karde\u015flerine hitaben \u015fu \u015fekilde yer almaktad\u0131r: \u201cTarlada demet ba\u011fl\u0131yorduk. Ans\u0131z\u0131n benim demetim kalk\u0131p dikildi. Sizinkilerse \u00e7evresine toplan\u0131p \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u011fildiler.\u201d Bunun \u00fczerine karde\u015fleri Yusuf\u2019a secde etme ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u011filme r\u00fcyalar\u0131n\u0131 Yusuf\u2019a biat edeceklerine dair bir i\u015faret olarak anlay\u0131p Yusuf\u2019u k\u0131skanmaya ve ona kin beslemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ard\u0131ndan Yusuf karde\u015fleri taraf\u0131ndan kuyuya at\u0131ld\u0131. Kur\u2019an\u2019a g\u00f6re bir kervan su almak i\u00e7in kuyuya geldi\u011finde Yusuf\u2019u buldu. Tevrat\u2019taki anlat\u0131ma g\u00f6re ise karde\u015fleri kervan\u0131n geldi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce Yusuf\u2019u kendileri kuyudan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p kervanc\u0131lara satt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tevrat\u2019a g\u00f6re Yusuf kervanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/firavun\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/firavun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Firavun\u2019un <\/a>muhaf\u0131z birli\u011fi komutan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potiphar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potiphar\">Patifar\u2019a <\/a>sat\u0131ld\u0131. Patifar\u2019\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131 Yusuf\u2019la birlikte olmak istediyse de Yusuf bunu reddetti. Bunun \u00fczerine kad\u0131n Yusuf\u2019a iftira atarak onu zindana att\u0131rd\u0131. Yusuf zindanda iken firavun r\u00fcyalar g\u00f6rd\u00fc fakat bunu kimse yorumlayamad\u0131. Yusuf bu r\u00fcyalar\u0131 tabir edince Firavun\u2019un g\u00fcvenini kazanarak zindandan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n ekonomiden sorumlu y\u00f6neticisi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yusuf, Firavun\u2019un g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc r\u00fcya uyar\u0131nca tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini stok yapt\u0131rarak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 felaketten kurtard\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada Kenan diyar\u0131nda da k\u0131tl\u0131k vard\u0131. Hz. Yakup o\u011fullar\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a giderek bu\u011fday sat\u0131n almalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a giden karde\u015flerin bu\u011fday ambar\u0131ndan sorumlu ki\u015fi olarak yollar\u0131 Yusuf ile kesi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f oldular. Yusuf, babas\u0131n\u0131n da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gelmesini istedi. Firavun Yakup ve o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Go\u015fen b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015ftirdi. B\u00f6ylece \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r tecr\u00fcbesi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Misirdan_Cikis_ve_Krallik_Doneminbsp\"><strong>M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ve Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2280\" width=\"303\" height=\"129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-2.jpg 819w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-2-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-2-768x326.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Yusuf\u2019un M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da y\u00f6netici oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 iyi durumdayd\u0131lar. Hz. Yusuf\u2019un vefat\u0131n\u0131 takip eden d\u00f6nemlerde ise \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n durumu k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti. Hz. Musa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fdu\u011fu y\u0131llarda \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da k\u00f6le konumundayd\u0131lar ve o y\u0131l do\u011fan erkek \u00e7ocuklar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Annesi Musa\u2019y\u0131 sepete koyarak Nil\u2019e b\u0131rakt\u0131. Sepet Firavun\u2019un saray\u0131na yak\u0131n bir sazl\u0131kta firavun ailesi taraf\u0131ndan bulundu ve Musa sarayda b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc. Firavun ve saray ahalisi Musa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130brani oldu\u011funu bilmelerine ra\u011fmen onu evlatlar\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hz. Musa b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir g\u00fcn kavga eden bir \u0130brani ile M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Kavgay\u0131 ay\u0131rmak ve ma\u011fdur olan \u0130brani\u2019ye arka \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131ya vurunca adam kazara \u00f6ld\u00fc. Saray ahalisinden bir adam\u0131n gelerek Musa\u2019ya can g\u00fcvenli\u011finin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmesi \u00fczerine Musa <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medyen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medyen\">Medyen\u2019e <\/a>ka\u00e7t\u0131. Orada \u00e7obanl\u0131k yapt\u0131 ve Medyen k\u00e2hini Yitro\u2019nun k\u0131z\u0131 ile evlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ailesiyle birlikte M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a d\u00f6nerken Tanr\u0131 ona g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc ve firavuna giderek \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kurtarmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Tanr\u0131 Firavun\u2019un kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Musa\u2019ya <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yed-i-beyza\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yed-i-beyza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">beyaz el<\/a> ve asa mucizelerini verdi. Hz. Musa mucizeleri sergilese de firavunu ikna edemedi ve bir usta sihirbaz olarak su\u00e7land\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a \u00e7ekirge, kurba\u011fa, kan, ha\u015fere gibi farkl\u0131 belalar verildi. Her bir belada Firavun, belan\u0131n kalkmas\u0131 durumunda \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gitmesine izin verece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesine ra\u011fmen s\u00f6z\u00fcnde durmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanr\u0131 bir gece Musa ve \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Firavun \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenince pe\u015flerine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ldeniz\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ldeniz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz <\/a>k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda onlar\u0131 yakalad\u0131. Hz. Musa asas\u0131 ile denizi yard\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar yeti\u015fmeden denizi ge\u00e7tiler. Firavun ve ordusu da pe\u015flerinden gidince sular\u0131n kapanmas\u0131 sonucu bo\u011fularak \u00f6ld\u00fcler. \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 Musa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sina_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1#:~:text=Sina%20Da%C4%9F%C4%B1%20(%C4%B0branice%3A%20%D7%94%D7%A8%20%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99,sonraki%20en%20y%C3%BCksek%20ikinci%20da%C4%9F%C4%B1d%C4%B1r.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sina_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1#:~:text=Sina%20Da%C4%9F%C4%B1%20(%C4%B0branice%3A%20%D7%94%D7%A8%20%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99,sonraki%20en%20y%C3%BCksek%20ikinci%20da%C4%9F%C4%B1d%C4%B1r.\">Sina Da\u011f\u0131<\/a> eteklerine geldi ve burada Hz. Musa On Emir olarak bilinen vahyi ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 Hz. Musa ba\u015flar\u0131nda bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir vakitte bir buza\u011f\u0131 heykeli yaparak ona tapt\u0131lar. Buna ilaveten devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te de \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00e7\u00f6l \u015fartlar\u0131ndan \u015fikayet edindiler ve verilen nimetlere nank\u00f6rl\u00fck ettiler. Bunun \u00fczerine Tanr\u0131 \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kutsal topraklara girmesini engelledi ve halk 40 y\u0131l boyunca \u00e7\u00f6llerde dolan\u0131p durdu. B\u00f6ylece \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettiler ve yeni nesil kutsal topraklara girmi\u015f oldu. Musa ve Harun da kutsal topraklara girmeden \u00e7\u00f6lde vefat ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Musa\u2019n\u0131n vefat\u0131 sonras\u0131nda \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yu%C5%9Fa\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yu%C5%9Fa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ye\u015fu <\/a>ge\u00e7ti. Ye\u015fu Kenan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 fethetti ve \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 12 Kabilesi aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Ye\u015fu\u2019nun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonras\u0131nda Hakimler denen liderler \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019na y\u00f6neticilik yapt\u0131lar. Hakimler \u00f6zellikle sava\u015f ve kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde g\u00f6rev ve yetkileri \u00fczerlerine alarak \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren karizmatik liderler ve kanaat \u00f6nderleriydi. \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 \u00e7evrelerindeki milletlerin d\u00fczenli bir y\u00f6netime sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyerek a\u015firet sisteminden d\u00fczenli bir y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler. Bu sebeple \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 peygamber <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel\">Samuel\u2019den <\/a>di\u011fer milletlerde oldu\u011fu gibi kendilerine de bir kral atamas\u0131n\u0131 talep ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Samuel peygamber \u0130srail o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n ilk Kral\u0131 olarak Saul\u2019u (<a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/talut\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/talut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Talut<\/a>) atad\u0131. Saul\u2019dan sonra <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/davud\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/davud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Davud <\/a>kral oldu. Davud zaman\u0131nda \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7lendiler. Davud Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc fethetti ve buray\u0131 ba\u015fkent yapt\u0131. Davud zaman\u0131nda \u00fclke ekonomik ve asker\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Davud\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/suleyman\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/suleyman\">S\u00fcleyman <\/a>ge\u00e7ti. Onun d\u00f6neminde \u00fclke her a\u00e7\u0131dan en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fad\u0131. S\u00fcleyman ba\u015fkent Kud\u00fcs\u2019te insanlar\u0131 dini a\u00e7\u0131dan bir araya getirmek ve toplumsal birli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131yla bir mabet in\u015fa etti. Yahudi kaynaklar\u0131nda Beyt ha-Mikda\u015f veya S\u00fcleyman Mabedi olarak bilinen bu mabet \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda Mescidi Aksa olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Kralligin_Bolunmesinden_Surgune_Israil_Kralligi\"><strong>Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n B\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden S\u00fcrg\u00fcne \u0130srail Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2281\" width=\"323\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-3.jpg 892w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-3-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-3-768x547.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fclkedeki b\u00fcy\u00fck in\u015faat faaliyetlerinin harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in halk\u0131n vergilerinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle kuzeydeki Efrayim Kabilesi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere merkezden uzak kabileler aras\u0131nda ciddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Efrayim kabilesinden Yeroboam, S\u00fcleyman\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etti. Fakat \u0130syan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Yeroboam M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ka\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonras\u0131nda tahta ge\u00e7en o\u011flu Rehoboam sadece kendi kabilesi Yehuda taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi. Kuzeydeki kabileler ise daha \u00f6nce S\u00fcleyman\u2019a isyan edip M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ka\u00e7an Yeroboam\u2019\u0131 kral ilan ettiler. B\u00f6ylece \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc ve kuzeyde ba\u015fkenti \u015eekem olan \u0130srail Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, g\u00fcneyde ba\u015fkenti Kud\u00fcs olan Yehuda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00fcneydeki Yehuda krall\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Yehuda ve Benyamin kabileleri, kuzeydeki \u0130srail krall\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise di\u011fer 10 kabile ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. M\u00d6 722 y\u0131l\u0131nda kuzeydeki \u0130srail Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asurlular\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asurlular\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Asurlular <\/a>taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Buradaki \u0130sraillilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mezopotamya\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mezopotamya\">Mezopotamya <\/a>topraklar\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Gerek Mezopotamya\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclenler gerekse topraklar\u0131nda kalan \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 ba\u015fka milletler ile kar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neticesinde tarih sahnesinden silindiler. Bu durumda Yahudi tarihinde kay\u0131p 10 kabile efsanesinin do\u011fmas\u0131na sebebiyet verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00fcneydeki Yehuda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 Babil Kral\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/nebukadnezzar\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/nebukadnezzar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nebukadnatsar <\/a>taraf\u0131ndan M\u00d6 586 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/babil\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/babil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Babilliler <\/a>Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irip S\u00fcleyman mabedini y\u0131kt\u0131lar ve Yehudal\u0131lar\u0131 Babile s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn Babil s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc olarak bilinmektedir. \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 Babil\u2019de kimliklerini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persler\">Pers <\/a>Kral\u0131 Kore\u015f\u2019in Babilleri yenmesi ile birlikte M\u00d6 538 tarihinde Yahudilerin Kud\u00fcs\u2019e d\u00f6nmelerine izin verildi. B\u00f6ylece Yahudiler gruplar halinde Kud\u00fcs\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fcler ve M\u00d6 515 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda mabedi tekrar in\u015fa ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"II_Mabed_Doneminbsp\"><strong>II. M\u00e2bed D\u00f6nemi&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. M\u00e2bed M\u00d6 515 civarlar\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden d\u00f6nen heyetten Zerubbavel\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde in\u015fa edildi. Bu d\u00f6nemde Yehuda b\u00f6lgesi Pers krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir eyalet olarak y\u00f6netildi. Persliler kendilerine sad\u0131k olan Yahudileri desteklediler ve dinlerini rahat\u00e7a ya\u015famalar\u0131na izin verdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00d6 332 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/iskender\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/iskender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender<\/a> Yehuda B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ni topraklar\u0131na katt\u0131. Bu andan itibaren Yahudiler uzun s\u00fcren <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helen\">Helen <\/a>etkisi ger\u00e7e\u011fi ile y\u00fczle\u015ftiler. Yehuda topraklar\u0131na kurulan k\u00fclt\u00fcr lokalleri, spor salonlar\u0131, yeni \u015fehirler do\u011fal olarak Yahudilerin Helenle\u015fmenin etkisi alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131na sebebiyet verdi. Bunun en tipik yans\u0131mas\u0131 Yahudilerin Yunanca isimler almaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptolemaios_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptolemaios_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ptolemiler <\/a>d\u00f6neminde Yehuda b\u00f6lgesinden bir grup Yahudi, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/iskenderiye\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/iskenderiye\">\u0130skenderiye<\/a> \u015fehrine yerle\u015ftirildi. Zamanla burada \u00f6nemli bir Yahudi cemaati olu\u015ftu. Yehuda b\u00f6lgesindeki Yahudilere k\u0131yasla \u0130skenderiye Yahudi cemaati Helen k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmi\u015f bir cemaat olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Buradaki Yahudiler Yunanca konu\u015fan, Yunan isimleri alan ve Yunan felsefesini talim eden bir cemaate d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yehuda b\u00f6lgesi M\u00d6 200 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka Helen Devleti olan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seleukos_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seleukos_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selevkoslar\u2019\u0131n <\/a>eline ge\u00e7ti. Suriye merkezli Selevkoslar d\u00f6neminde de Helenle\u015fme devam etti. IV. Antiyohus Epifanes Kud\u00fcs\u2019e d\u00f6ner d\u00f6nmez ba\u015fkohenMenelaus\u2019un da deste\u011fi ile Yahudilerin dini ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. S\u00fcnnet, \u015fabat ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 dini uygulamalar yasakland\u0131. Mabede <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zeus\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zeus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Zeus <\/a>heykeli dikildi. Kral\u0131n bu bask\u0131lar\u0131 Yahudiler aras\u0131nda tepkilere neden oldu ve Ha\u015fmoni ailesi bu uygulamalara isyan ederek ba\u015fkald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ailenin \u00f6nde gelen isimlerinden Yehuda Makabi zaman\u0131nda bu isyan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve sert bir direni\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve M\u00d6 164 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kud\u00fcs\u2019teki Selevkos hakimiyetine son verildi. Mabedputlardan temizlendi ve Yahudiler dinlerini rahat\u00e7a ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu isyan YahudaMakabinin ad\u0131na nispetle Makabi isyan\u0131 olarak isimlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00d6 63 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma imparatoru <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus#:~:text=Pompey%2C%20(Gnaeus%20Pompeius%20Magnus),de%20Lucius%20Cornelius%20Sulla%20vermi%C5%9Fti.\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus#:~:text=Pompey%2C%20(Gnaeus%20Pompeius%20Magnus),de%20Lucius%20Cornelius%20Sulla%20vermi%C5%9Fti.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pompei<\/a>, Yehuda b\u00f6lgesine gelerek Ha\u015fmoni otoritesine son verdi. Milattan \u00f6nce 37 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kud\u00fcs ve \u00e7evresi Romal\u0131lara sad\u0131k Edom k\u00f6kenli bir Yahudi olan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hirodes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hirodes\">Herod <\/a>taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Herod, Roma\u2019n\u0131n kendi i\u00e7indeki taht m\u00fccadelelerinde s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc korumas\u0131n\u0131 bildi ve de\u011fi\u015fen b\u00f6lge valilerine ra\u011fmen iktidarda kald\u0131. Herod\u2019un \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zelliklerinden birisi Kud\u00fcs ve \u00e7evresindeki mimari faaliyetleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Herod M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6ld\u00fc ve Filistin topraklar\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n onay\u0131yla o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda pay edildi. Herod\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonras\u0131nda Romal\u0131larla Yahudiler aras\u0131nda ini\u015fli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fand\u0131. Yahudiler ya rahata erdiler ya da bask\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Bu d\u00f6nemlerde bask\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a Mesihi hareketler \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/isa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/isa\">Hz. \u0130sa<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n faaliyetleri de bu d\u00f6neme rastlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MS 66-70 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Romal\u0131larla Yahudiler aras\u0131nda aktif bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fand\u0131. Sonunda Romal\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki komutan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus_(Roma_imparatoru)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus_(Roma_imparatoru)\">Titus <\/a>milattan sonra 70 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irip mabedi y\u0131kt\u0131. Pek \u00e7ok Yahudi\u2019yi katletti, bir\u00e7o\u011funu da s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderdi. B\u00f6ylece ikinci mabet d\u00f6nemi sona ermi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Israilogullarinin_Dunyaya_Dagilmasi\"><strong>\u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n D\u00fcnyaya Da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Roma taht\u0131ndaki siyasi de\u011fi\u015fimlere uygun olarak Miladi 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Filistin topraklar\u0131ndaki Yahudilerin durumlar\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f d\u00fczelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yahudiler toprak sat\u0131n almaya, ziraat yapmaya ve k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015f Yahudileri sat\u0131n alarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MS 115-117 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuzey_Afrika\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuzey_Afrika\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kuzey Afrika<\/a>\u2019da Yahudilerin Romal\u0131lara isyan etmesi ile Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131lar tekrar artt\u0131. Yahudiler artan bask\u0131lara dayanamay\u0131p MS 132 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eimon bar <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_bar_Kohba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_bar_Kohba\">Kohba <\/a>\u00f6nderli\u011finde isyan ettiler. \u0130syan\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar elde edildi. Kud\u00fcs Romal\u0131lar\u0131n elinden kurtar\u0131ld\u0131. Filistin\u2019in bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesi Yahudilerin kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti. Sanhedrin tekrar Kud\u00fcs\u2019e getirildi. D\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli din bilginlerinden Rabbi Akiva, \u015eimon bar Kobha i\u00e7in \u201cMesih\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roma komutanlar\u0131ndan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septimius_Severus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septimius_Severus\">Severus<\/a>, Yahudilerin etkilerini yava\u015f yava\u015f k\u0131r\u0131p Kud\u00fcs\u2019e kadar geldi ve Yahudileri katletti. Yahudilerin direni\u015fi MS 135 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamen bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Yahudiler 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130srail\u2019e Devletlerini kurana kadar bir daha siyasi-askeri bir giri\u015fimde bulunamad\u0131lar. \u0130syan\u0131n kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Yahudilerin Kud\u00fcs\u2019teki varl\u0131klar\u0131 sona erdi ve kalan Yahudilerden de bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun farkl\u0131 yerlerine s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Roma_Bizans_ve_Avrupada_Yahudiler\"><strong>Roma Bizans ve Avrupa\u2019da Yahudiler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yahudiler Roma\u2019n\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmesinden sonra Hristiyanlardan \u00e7ok bask\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Hristiyanlar kendilerine <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yeni-ahid\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/yeni-ahid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Yeni Ahit<\/a> verildi\u011fini, Yahudilerin elindeki ahidin <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/eski-ahid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/eski-ahid\">Eski Ahit<\/a> oldu\u011funu ve hukuki ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirdi\u011fini iddia ettiler. Avrupa devletlerinde s\u0131k s\u0131k bask\u0131lara maruz kalan Yahudiler baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde toplu halde Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7mek ya da \u00fclkeyi terk etmekle tehdit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vaftiz olmay\u0131 kabul edip g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte Hristiyan olarak ya\u015fayan Yahudilere <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marrano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marrano\">Maranolar <\/a>ad\u0131 verilmektedir. Bunlardan Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlardan pek \u00e7o\u011fu Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 terk ederek Yahudili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131ktan ya\u015famaya devam etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yahudilerin m\u00fccevherat, baharat, \u015farap ve ipek ticareti gibi hususlarda etkili olmas\u0131 ve tefecilik yapmalar\u0131 \u00fclkelerin mali a\u00e7\u0131dan krizde oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde ba\u015flar\u0131na bela olmu\u015ftur. Bazen de bir veba salg\u0131n\u0131 veya bir sava\u015f yenilgisi Yahudilerin g\u00fcnah ke\u00e7isi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmelerine sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yahudilerin en \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ektikleri hususlardan birisi de kan iftiralar\u0131d\u0131r. Kan iftiras\u0131 her <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamursuz_Bayram%C4%B1#:~:text=Pesah%2C%20F%C4%B1s%C4%B1h%20veya%20Hamursuz%20Bayram%C4%B1,7%20veya%208%20g%C3%BCn%20kutlan%C4%B1r.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamursuz_Bayram%C4%B1#:~:text=Pesah%2C%20F%C4%B1s%C4%B1h%20veya%20Hamursuz%20Bayram%C4%B1,7%20veya%208%20g%C3%BCn%20kutlan%C4%B1r.\">Pesah<\/a> bayram\u0131nda Hristiyan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n Yahudiler taraf\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131larak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kanlar\u0131n\u0131n Pesah ekme\u011fi hamurundan maya olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylentisidir. Bu iddialar pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede Yahudilerin bask\u0131 ve zul\u00fcm g\u00f6rmelerine sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Sabatay_Sevi_ve_Hareketi\"><strong>Sabatay Sevi ve Hareketi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-4-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2283\" width=\"231\" height=\"274\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>1626 da <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0zmir\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0zmir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0130zmir\u2019de <\/a>do\u011fan <a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/sabatay-sevi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/sabatay-sevi\">Sabatay Sevi<\/a> gen\u00e7li\u011finden itibaren mistik konulara ilgi duydu ve 1648 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mesihli\u011fini ilan etti. Sevi\u2019nin Mesihlik ilan\u0131 Yahudi cemaati i\u00e7erisinde kabul g\u00f6rmedi ve \u0130zmir Yahudi cemaati Sabatay Sevi\u2019yi d\u0131\u015flad\u0131. Bundan sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Sabatay Sevi hayat\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli seyahat halinde ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sabatay Sevi\u2019nin Kud\u00fcs ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kabalac\u0131 Yahudilerden Gazzeli Natan, Sabatay Sevi\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck destek\u00e7ilerinden oldu. 1665 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130zmir\u2019e d\u00f6nen Sevi, bu kez \u015fehirde bir taraftar kitlesi olu\u015fturabildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sabatay Sevi\u2019nin \u00fcn\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015ft\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019dan pek \u00e7ok Yahudi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 satarak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na gelip Sabatay Sevi\u2019ye tabi oldu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u00f6neticileri Sabatay Sevi ve takip\u00e7ilerinin g\u00fcvenlik sorununa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rerek Sevi\u2019yi 1666 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ulema heyeti huzuruna \u00e7\u0131karak sorgulad\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri Sevi\u2019den \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 kabul etmesini istedi. Sevi de can\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak Aziz Mehmet ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sabatay Sevi\u2019nin takip\u00e7ilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 onun M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fayarak onu terk ettiler. Bir grup da onun bu hareketinde bir hikmet arayarak \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 benimsediler. Bu grup \u201cd\u00f6nmeler\u201d veya \u201cavdetiler\u201d olarak bilinmekte olup kendilerine ait ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 gizlice devam ettirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcphelenince onu 1679 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00dclg\u00fcn\u2019e (Karada\u011f) s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderdiler. Sabatay Sevi 1676 y\u0131l\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeyken hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Sevi\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra takip\u00e7ileri daha \u00e7ok Selanik\u2019te ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selanik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selanik\">Selanik <\/a>d\u00f6nmeleri \u015feklinde bilinmektedir. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduklar\u0131 fakat gizlice Yahudiliklerini devam ettirdikleri \u015feklindeki kabul d\u00f6nmeler ile ilgili olumsuz bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yerle\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde say\u0131lar\u0131 tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte 10 ila 70 bin aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 rakamlar telaffuz edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Hasidiler_ve_Hasidi_Hareketi\"><strong>Hasidiler ve Hasidi Hareketi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hasidik_Yahudilik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hasidik_Yahudilik\">Hasidi hareketi <\/a>1750\u2019lerde Polonya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Do\u011fu Avrupa Yahudileri aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hareketin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda geleneksel Rabbani Yahudili\u011fin, Yahudilerin manevi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na cevap vermemesi yatmaktad\u0131r. Bu harekette dinin ruhsuz ve so\u011fuk y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kapatmak amac\u0131yla mistik e\u011filimler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve dans, \u015fark\u0131, ilahilerle vecd hali ve cezbelerle dine heyecan kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bunun sonucu olarak Hasidilikte sihir ve metafizik aleme ait pek \u00e7ok anlat\u0131m ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarikat \u015feyhlerini and\u0131ran karizmatik ki\u015filikleriyle Hasidi liderler \u201cRabbe\u201d unvan\u0131yla m\u00fcbarek zat\/evliya muamelesi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnyada en yayg\u0131n ve en etkin Hasidi grup <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chabad\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chabad\">Habad <\/a>hareketidir. Bu hareketin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir taraf\u0131nda okullar\u0131, dini merkezleri ve sosyal yard\u0131m kurulu\u015flar\u0131 mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Haskala_Aydinlanma_Donemi\"><strong>Haskala (Ayd\u0131nlanma) D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/tarih-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2286\" width=\"229\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/tarih-5.jpg 979w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/tarih-5-768x729.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 229px) 100vw, 229px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0branice\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0branice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0130branice <\/a>ayd\u0131nlanma anlam\u0131na gelen <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haskala\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haskala\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Haskala <\/a>kavram\u0131 Yahudilerin modern d\u00f6nemde Avrupa\u2019da ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 siyasi, sosyal, ilmi hareket i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hareketin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moses_Mendelssohn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moses_Mendelssohn\">Moses Mendelson <\/a>g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Mendelson Yahudilerin topluma entegre olmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve dinlerini evde ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye etmi\u015ftir B\u00f6ylece toplum hayat\u0131nda Yahudilerin Avrupa halklar\u0131yla bir arada ortak bir zeminde ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7mak istemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Avrupa\u2019daki \u00fclkelerin Yahudilere vatanda\u015fl\u0131k vermeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, Yahudilerin kamu g\u00f6revlilerinde istihdam edilmelerinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gerek devletler gerekse ayd\u0131nlar nezdinde kat\u0131 Hristiyan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin terk edilmesi gibi hususlar Yahudiler i\u00e7in yeni sosyolojik ortam\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yahudiler bu yeni \u015fartlarda dini bireysel alanda ve \u00f6zellikle evde ve sinagogda ya\u015fanan bir tecr\u00fcbe olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. H\u0131ristiyanlarla ticaret yapan kamu g\u00f6revlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, \u00fcniversitelerde hoca, okullarda \u00f6\u011fretmen olmaya ba\u015flayan Yahudiler i\u00e7in \u015fabat ve ka\u015far kurallar\u0131 art\u0131k g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilir hususlar olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hususlardan biri de kutsal kitap tenkidi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Tevrat tenkit gelene\u011fiyle birlikte Tevrat\u2019\u0131n Hz. Musa\u2019ya aidiyeti sorguland\u0131 ve baz\u0131 Yahudiler i\u00e7in kutsal bir metinden ziyade Yahudi halk\u0131n\u0131n tarihini anlatan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir metin muamelesi g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Siyonizm_Hareketi_ve_Gayeleri\"><strong>Siyonizm Hareketi ve Gayeleri<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2287\" width=\"288\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-6.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-6-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Avusturya-Macar Yahudisi <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theodor_Herzl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theodor_Herzl\">Theodor Herzl <\/a>taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan bu hareket Yahudi milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini esas alarak d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn Yahudilerin Filistin\u2019de kendilerine ait bir devlet kurarak bir araya gelmelerini ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Siyonizm\u2019in kurucular\u0131 hareketi meydana getirirken dini bir hedefe sahip olmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Temel hedef Yahudi ulusunu bir araya toplamak, Yahudileri d\u00fcnya milletleri aras\u0131nda itibarl\u0131 ve kendi haklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilen bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fturmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Avrupa\u2019daki halklarla iyi ge\u00e7inmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bu sorunu kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u00f6zemeyece\u011fi ve buna k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00fczerinde duruldu. Bunun yolunun da Yahudilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunacak, onlar\u0131 koruyacak ve onlara ulus bilinci a\u015f\u0131layacak siyasi bir yap\u0131dan ge\u00e7ti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc. Bunun en pratik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc de bir Yahudi devletinin kurulmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Siyonist liderler Yahudi bilincinin \u015fekillendi\u011fi ve Yahudiler i\u00e7in kutsal kabul edilen Filistin topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Yahudi devletinin kurulaca\u011f\u0131 en iyi yer olaca\u011f\u0131 hususunda hemfikir oldular. Sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Filistin\u2019de Yahudi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmaya y\u00f6nelik faaliyetler art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Herzl, Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019le birka\u00e7 kez g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp Filistin\u2019den toprak talep ettiyse de Sultan\u0131n cevab\u0131 olumsuz oldu ve Herzl istedi\u011fini alamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Holokost_ve_Yeniden_Soykirim\"><strong>Holokost ve Yeniden Soyk\u0131r\u0131m<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2288\" width=\"286\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-7.jpg 617w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Tarih-7-300x189.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 286px) 100vw, 286px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holokost\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holokost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Holokost<\/a>, Yahudilerin Alman <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Almanyas%C4%B1\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Almanyas%C4%B1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nazi rejimi<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan sistemli bir katliama u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 1933 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Almanya\u2019daki Nazi rejimi egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndaki topraklarda farkl\u0131 etnik gruplar (\u00e7ingeneler, Yahudiler, vs) bask\u0131ya maruz kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1939-45 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu bask\u0131lar sistemli bir soyk\u0131r\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve mevcut kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re 6 milyon kadar Yahudi farkl\u0131 metotlarla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te sadece Almanya\u2019daki Yahudiler de\u011fil \u0130talya ve Fransa ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Nazi rejimine destek veren di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki Yahudiler de bu katliamdan nasibini alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Holokost\u2019tan ka\u00e7abilenler T\u00fcrkiye ve Amerika\u2019ya gittiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu soyk\u0131r\u0131mlara bir \u00e7are olarak Yahudilerin g\u00fcvenliklerinin sa\u011flanabilece\u011fi bir devlet ihtiyac\u0131 y\u00fcksek perdeden dile getirilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131 ve 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130srail devleti kuruldu. Holokost, Yahudilerde her a\u00e7\u0131dan travma olu\u015fturdu. Tanr\u0131n\u0131n Yahudilerden y\u00fcz \u00e7evirdi\u011fi ve onlar\u0131 terk etti\u011fi \u00fczerinde duruldu. Tanr\u0131, Tevrat, se\u00e7ilmi\u015flik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi gibi pek \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sorguland\u0131 ve ciddi k\u0131r\u0131lmalar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Turkiye_Musevileri\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye Musevileri<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>2019 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle d\u00fcnyada toplam 14,7 milyon Yahudi bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yahudilerin %96\u2019s\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sefarad_Yahudileri\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sefarad_Yahudileri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sefarad<\/a>, %4\u2019\u00fc <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A%C5%9Fkenaz_Yahudileri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A%C5%9Fkenaz_Yahudileri\">A\u015fkenaz <\/a>Yahudilerinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yahudilerin say\u0131lar\u0131 150 bin kadard\u0131r. Cemaatin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u0130stanbul\u2019da ikamet etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yahudilerin dini i\u015fleri hahamba\u015fl\u0131k arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Cemaate ait \u0130stanbul\u2019da bulunan Ulus \u00d6zel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uoml.k12.tr\/index.php?lang=tr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/www.uoml.k12.tr\/index.php?lang=tr\">Musevi Lisesi <\/a>cemaat mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na e\u011fitim hizmeti vermektedir. T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel konularda haftal\u0131k yay\u0131n yapan \u015ealom gazetesi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>Bu makaleye paralel olarak \u015fu yaz\u0131n\u0131n okunmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye ediyoruz: &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/hristiyanlik-dininin-tarihsel-gelisimi\/\" title=\"Hristiyanl\u0131k Dininin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hristiyanl\u0131k Dininin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi<\/a>&#8221; <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>Yahudilik Tarihiyle alakal\u0131 ileri bir okuma \u00f6nerisi i\u00e7in<a href=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/download\/article-file\/181032\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/download\/article-file\/181032\"> t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Kaynaklar\"><strong style=\"color: initial;\">Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>TDV \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, Yahudilik Maddesi.<br>Wikipedia, Yahudilik Maddesi.<br>Ana Hatlar\u0131yla Dinler Tarihi, Mahmut Ayd\u0131n, Ensar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2013.<br>Dinler Tarihi, ed. Baki Adam, Grafiker Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2010.<br>Mitoloji ve \u0130nan\u00e7 Aras\u0131nda, \u015einasi G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, H\u0130KAV Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2018.<br>Yahudilik, Salime Leyla G\u00fcrkan, \u0130SAM Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2013.<br><\/em>\u0130leri Okuma \u00d6nerisi: <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yahudilik tarihi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":833,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[12],"tags":[407,405,406],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=122"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2293,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122\/revisions\/2293"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/833"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=122"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=122"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=122"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}