{"id":2548,"date":"2021-10-25T16:29:35","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T13:29:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/?p=2548"},"modified":"2021-12-02T09:34:07","modified_gmt":"2021-12-02T06:34:07","slug":"deneyciler-amprisizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/deneyciler-amprisizm\/","title":{"rendered":"Deneyciler (Amprisizm)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#Deneyciler_AMPRISIZM\">Deneyciler (AMPR\u0130S\u0130ZM)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#John_Locke_1632-1704\">John Locke (1632-1704)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Berkeley_1685-1753\">Berkeley (1685-1753)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Kaynaklar\">Kaynaklar<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Deneyciler_AMPRISIZM\"><strong>Deneyciler (AMPR\u0130S\u0130ZM)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/de1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2688\" width=\"202\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/de1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/de1-292x300.jpg 292w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/de1-768x790.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 202px) 100vw, 202px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"John_Locke_1632-1704\"><strong>John Locke (1632-1704)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ona g\u00f6re insan zihni sadece fenomenleri bilebilir. Onu rasyonalizmden ay\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli husus, akl\u0131n i\u00e7ini bo\u015faltmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ak\u0131l, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n insana verdi\u011fi bir bilme yetisidir. Akl\u0131n i\u00e7ini tamamen bo\u015faltan, onu art\u0131k sadece bir bilgi edinme yetisine indirgeyen Locke, akl\u0131 bir bilgi yolu olarak da g\u00f6rmez. Ak\u0131l, i\u015fleyece\u011fi malzemenin temini bak\u0131m\u0131ndan deneyime ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde zihnin bo\u015f bir levha oldu\u011funu ve her \u015feyin deneyim yoluyla bilinebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. (<a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tabula_rasa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tabula_rasa\">Tabula Rasa<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rasyonalistlerin y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak matemati\u011fin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 model h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftu. Rasyonalistler bundan dolay\u0131, mant\u0131ksal ve matematiksel kesinli\u011fi ger\u00e7ek bilginin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc yapt\u0131lar. Oysa Locke, itibar edilmesi gereken ki\u015filerin matematik\u00e7ilerden ziyade \u201campirik verilere\u201d itibar eden fizik\u00e7iler oldu\u011fu sonucuna vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu y\u00fczden, o kendi felsefesine model olarak, fizik\u00e7inin ampirik analizini ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCmevar%C4%B1m\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%BCmevar%C4%B1m\">t\u00fcmevar\u0131msal <\/a>ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme tarz\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Locke, bilginin rasyonalistlerin s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi, do\u011fu\u015ftan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Do\u011fu\u015ftan olamayan bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131 sorusuna verilecek cevap, Locke i\u00e7in bellidir: \u201cDeneyim\u201d bilgiye temel te\u015fkil eden b\u00fct\u00fcn ideler deneyim yoluyla gelir. Temsili bir alg\u0131 ve bilgi teorisi benimseyen Locke\u2019da ide, varl\u0131klar\u0131n i\u015faretleri ve temsilleridir. Ampirizmin \u00e7\u0131kmaz soka\u011f\u0131na giren Locke, bilginin her \u015feyden \u00f6nce deneyimle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Locke varl\u0131k felsefesinde ba\u015ftan sona realisttik bir tav\u0131r sergiler. Buna g\u00f6re, zihinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir d\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7eklik vard\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnyada iki t\u00f6z vard\u0131r. Bunlardan birincisi madde, \u0130kincisi zihindir. Locke zihin-beden d\u00fcalizmi i\u00e7inde ikinci t\u00f6z\u00fc olan zihnin bizzat kendisini hi\u00e7bir zaman alg\u0131layamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, dolay\u0131ms\u0131z olarak zihnin sadece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, korkma, ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme, irade etme gibi edinimlerini bildi\u011fimizi s\u00f6yler. Locke, nihayet manevi t\u00f6z\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme olmay\u0131p, onun beden \u00fczerinde etki veya eylemde bulunabildi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek bir ad\u0131m daha ileri gider ve zihinle beden aras\u0131nda psikofiziksel bir etkile\u015fim bulundu\u011funu savunur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Berkeley_1685-1753\"><strong>Berkeley (1685-1753)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/de-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2690\" width=\"255\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/de-2.jpg 745w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/de-2-300x204.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 255px) 100vw, 255px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Locke\u2019un a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoldan gider ve bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131nda deneyimin oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. Bunula birlikte o, Locke\u2019un temsil \u00f6\u011fretisinin kabul edilemez bir \u00f6\u011freti oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. Berkeley, Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, \u00f6zellikle Hobbes (1588-1679), Newton (1643-1726), Descartes (1596-1650) ve Locke\u2019un etkisiyle bir gerileme ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bunlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan problem, iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir problemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Problemin birinci boyutu, Descartes ile birlikte, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir do\u011fal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u0131pk\u0131 dev bir saat gibi <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Determinizm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Determinizm\">deterministik <\/a>birtak\u0131m do\u011fa yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015fleyen alabildi\u011fine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mekanik sistem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinden kaynaklan\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Berkeley a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, insanlar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil de do\u011fa taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye, onlar\u0131n hakikati, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi, kal\u0131c\u0131 olan\u0131, Tanr\u0131\u2019dan hareketle de\u011fil de do\u011fadan hareketle kavramaya y\u00f6nelmeleri anlam\u0131na gelir. Problemin ikinci boyutu, \u00f6zellikle Locke\u2019dan sonra bilimsel bilgi ya da inan\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n varsay\u0131msal do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serilmesinden olu\u015fur. Bu ide, insanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7eklik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin kesinlikten ve taml\u0131ktan yoksun olup her \u015feyin \u015f\u00fcpheye a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Berkeley\u2019in esas amac\u0131, materyalizm, ateizm ve septisizmle m\u00fccadele etmek olmu\u015ftur. O, maddi d\u00fcnya diye bir \u015feyin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, biz insanlar\u0131n maddi d\u00fcnyadaki varl\u0131k ya da cisimler oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015feylerin ger\u00e7ekte sadece Tanr\u0131\u2019dan al\u0131nan duyumsal mesajlarla ilgili yorumumuz oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Ona g\u00f6re madde var de\u011fildir. Berkeley\u2019in metafizi\u011finde, madde veya fiziki nesneler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda \u201cvar olmak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f olmakt\u0131r\u201d ama zihin ya da tin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, \u201cvar olmak bu kez alg\u0131lamak veya alg\u0131lanmak\u201d olmaktad\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekten var olan, insan taraf\u0131ndan alg\u0131lanan ide ve onlar\u0131 deneyimleyen zihindir. \u0130deler kendi kendilerine olmayacaklar\u0131na ve insan zihni kendi keyfine g\u00f6re ide yaratamayaca\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re onlar\u0131n nedeninin Tanr\u0131 olmas\u0131 zorunludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>Bu makaleyi okuyanlar i\u00e7in tavsiye yaz\u0131lar: <br>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/alman-aydinlanmasi-kritisizm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"Alman Ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131 \u2013 KR\u0130T\u0130S\u0130ZM\">Alman Ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131 &#8211; KR\u0130T\u0130S\u0130ZM<\/a>&#8220;<br>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.acarindex.com\/dosyalar\/makale\/acarindex-1423877740.pdf\" title=\"https:\/\/www.acarindex.com\/dosyalar\/makale\/acarindex-1423877740.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bilginin Kayna\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130deler Sorunu<\/a>&#8220;<br>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/pub\/iufad\/issue\/1319\/15567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/pub\/iufad\/issue\/1319\/15567\">Berkeley&#8217;de Varl\u0131k ve Alg\u0131 Sorunu<\/a>&#8220;<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Kaynaklar\"><strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Wikipedia, John Locke Maddesi.<br>Wikipedia, George Berkeley Maddesi.<br>Felsefe Tarihi, Ahmet Cevizci, Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2017.   <br>Felsefe Tarihi, G. Skirbekk-Nils Gilje, Kesit Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2012.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130&ccedil;indekilerDeneyciler (AMPR\u0130S\u0130ZM)John Locke (1632-1704)Berkeley (1685-1753)Kaynaklar Deneyciler (AMPR\u0130S\u0130ZM) John Locke (1632-1704) Ona g\u00f6re insan zihni sadece fenomenleri bilebilir. Onu rasyonalizmden ay\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli husus, akl\u0131n i\u00e7ini bo\u015faltmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ak\u0131l, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n insana verdi\u011fi bir bilme yetisidir. Akl\u0131n i\u00e7ini tamamen bo\u015faltan, onu art\u0131k sadece bir bilgi edinme yetisine indirgeyen Locke, akl\u0131 bir bilgi yolu olarak da g\u00f6rmez. Ak\u0131l, i\u015fleyece\u011fi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2636,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[147],"tags":[742,740,741],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2548"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2548"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2548\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2691,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2548\/revisions\/2691"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2636"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2548"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}