{"id":2853,"date":"2021-12-07T11:45:31","date_gmt":"2021-12-07T08:45:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/?p=2853"},"modified":"2021-12-13T15:46:52","modified_gmt":"2021-12-13T12:46:52","slug":"kadim-sumer-tanrilari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/kadim-sumer-tanrilari\/","title":{"rendered":"Kadim S\u00fcmer Tanr\u0131lar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#Kadim_Sumer_Tanrilari\">Kadim S\u00fcmer Tanr\u0131lar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Tanri_Anlayislari\">Tanr\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Panteonun_En_Onemli_Tanrilari\">Panteonun En \u00d6nemli Tanr\u0131lar\u0131<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#Anu\">Anu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Enlil\">Enlil<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Enki\">Enki<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Ninhursag\">Ninhursag<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Nanna\">Nanna<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Utu\">Utu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Inanna\">\u0130nanna<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Diger_Tanrilar\">Di\u011fer Tanr\u0131lar<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#Degerlendirme\">De\u011ferlendirme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Kaynaklar\">Kaynaklar<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Kadim_Sumer_Tanrilari\"><strong>Kadim S\u00fcmer Tanr\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M.\u00d6. 4000 ile M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan kadim bir medeniyettir <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%BCmerler\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%BCmerler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S\u00fcmerler<\/a>. Bug\u00fcn Irak\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bulunan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mezopotamya\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mezopotamya\">Mezopotamya <\/a>co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde konu\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihin en eski uygarl\u0131klardan biri say\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Mezopotamya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f say\u0131s\u0131z medeniyetin de temelini S\u00fcmerlerin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilir. Yaz\u0131, dil, t\u0131p, astronomi, matematik gibi bilimlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra din, fal, b\u00fcy\u00fc ve mitoloji gibi metafizik alanlarda da di\u011fer medeniyetlere \u00f6rneklik te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmerlerin sosyal hayat, mitoloji, din ve rit anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na dair bilgilerimiz M.\u00d6 1750\u2019lerden kalma \u00fc\u00e7 bin kadar tablet ve k\u0131r\u0131k par\u00e7adan olu\u015fan kaynaklara dayan\u0131r. Ta\u015f tabletler \u00fczerine \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lan bu yaz\u0131lar zorlu S\u00fcmer dilini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz diline \u00e7evirme faaliyetlerinin ard\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir hale getirilmi\u015ftir. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 hala gizini korumaya devam etmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tabletlerin k\u0131r\u0131k k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ya da k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p kaybolan par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 okumak zaten imk\u00e2ns\u0131z iken kimi yerlerde metinde anlat\u0131lan hik\u00e2yelerin son veya ba\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 da bu k\u0131r\u0131klar sebebiyle okunamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fakat bu ta\u015f tabletlerin okunabilen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 bile olduk\u00e7a de\u011ferlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc S\u00fcmer gibi kadim medeniyetlerin izlerini s\u00fcrebilmek ancak onlardan kalan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar veya sanat eserleri ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Kendi dillerinde yazm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 yaz\u0131lar ise onlar\u0131n siyasi, iktisadi, dini ve sosyal ya\u015famlar\u0131na dair sunmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 salt bilgiler sebebiyle paha bi\u00e7ilemez de\u011ferdedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lara ait kaynaklar \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun sebebi M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dayan\u0131ks\u0131z ve yok olmaya mahk\u00fbm papir\u00fcs yapraklar\u0131na yazmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Haliyle zaman i\u00e7erisinde bulunduklar\u0131 konumlarda zarar g\u00f6ren papir\u00fcsler \u00fczerindeki yaz\u0131lar silinmi\u015f ve bug\u00fcn okunmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale gelmi\u015ftir. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lara dair bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilgilerimizin olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sebebi budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmerler, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ve geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 entelekt\u00fcel, bilimsel miras ile pek \u00e7ok medeniyeti etkilemi\u015f ve onlar i\u00e7in \u00f6rneklik te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kendilerinden sonra gelen medeniyetlerin temellerini tesis etmi\u015f ve olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. Hem pozitif bilimlerde hem de metafizik sahadaki \u00f6\u011fretileri ile insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetlerde bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk olarak yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ve tufan \u00f6yk\u00fcleri S\u00fcmerlere aittir. Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 s\u00fcsleme, evlilik y\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, nazar boncu\u011fu gibi eylem ve fig\u00fcrler de ilk kez S\u00fcmerlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. T\u00fcm bu sebeplerden dolay\u0131 tarih i\u00e7erisinde S\u00fcmerlerin di\u011fer medeniyetlere nazaran konumu ve de\u011feri \u00e7ok ba\u015fkad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmerler \u00e7oklu tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131na sahiptirler. Ayr\u0131ca insani vas\u0131flarla tavsif ettikleri tanr\u0131lar\u0131n aile sahibi olmalar\u0131 ve hatta \u00e7ocuk yapmalar\u0131 bir tanr\u0131lar <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panteon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panteon\">panteonu <\/a>olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu panteondaki tanr\u0131lar\u0131n makamlar\u0131 ise S\u00fcmer \u015fehirlerinin geli\u015fme ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme durumuna endeksle zaman i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Biz bu makalemizde k\u0131saca S\u00fcmerlerin tanr\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve tasavvurlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemeye gayret edece\u011fiz. \u0130lk olarak en y\u00fcce olan yedi tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleyip daha sonra di\u011fer \u00f6nemli tanr\u0131lar\u0131na k\u0131saca de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Tanri_Anlayislari\"><strong>Tanr\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Kadim-SUmer-Tarnilari.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2928\" width=\"308\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Kadim-SUmer-Tarnilari.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Kadim-SUmer-Tarnilari-300x187.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 308px) 100vw, 308px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Antik Ortado\u011fu\u2019da tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131, ibadet, rit\u00fcel, tap\u0131nak gibi dinsel fenomenlerin form\u00fcle edilip bug\u00fcn \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapabilece\u011fimiz kadar geli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u015fablonla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi \u015f\u00fcphesiz, S\u00fcmer-Akad devleti ile d\u00fczenli \u015fehir uygarl\u0131klar\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f, ilkel kapitalist \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, sava\u015flar ve bunlara paralel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6l\u00fcm korkusunu telafi etmeye y\u00f6nelik mental ve felsefi aray\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u015eehir devlet\u00e7iklerini ele ge\u00e7irmek isteyen kabile liderlerinin siyasal manip\u00fclasyonlar\u0131nda dini kurumlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, dinsel inan\u00e7lar\u0131n form\u00fcle edilmesine katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6te yandan bu olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecinde y\u00fczlerce farkl\u0131 ve lokal inan\u00e7lar\u0131n birbiriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek homojen bir teoloji aramam\u0131z gerekti\u011fi kendili\u011finden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Fakat Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun ilk inan\u00e7 sistemine S\u00fcmerlerin \u015fekil verdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Onlar kendi inan\u00e7lar\u0131yla, kendilerinden \u00f6nceki F\u0131rat havzas\u0131n\u0131n prehistorik inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan senkretik bir inan\u00e7 sistemi yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131ya daha sonra eklemlenen Akadlar olmu\u015ftur. Ortado\u011fu dinlerine \u015feklini veren temel, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca bu yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmer tanlar\u0131, insan \u015feklinde tasavvur edilmi\u015f ve \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer insani vas\u0131flar kendi inan\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bu tanr\u0131lara y\u00fcklenmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcmer metinlerinde bu tanr\u0131lar\u0131n yeme, i\u00e7me, evlenme, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuk sahibi olma, hastalanma, yaralanma, sava\u015fma, k\u0131zma, \u00f6fkelenme, k\u0131skanma, nefret etme gibi insan\u0131n temel do\u011fas\u0131nda bulunan \u00f6zellik, ihtiya\u00e7 ve duygular\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca sahip olduklar\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lerin de belli birtak\u0131m kanunlara ve yasalara tabi olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda her istediklerine ula\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, bazen ama\u00e7lar\u0131 u\u011frunda \u00e7e\u015fitli planlar kurup hile ve kurnazl\u0131k diyebilece\u011fimiz birtak\u0131m davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n i\u00e7erisine girebildikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezopotamya b\u00f6lgesinde her kentin koruyucu bir tanr\u0131s\u0131 bulunmakta, zaman i\u00e7erisinde siyasi, ticari ve askeri bak\u0131mdan geli\u015fen bu kentlerin tanr\u0131lar\u0131 da S\u00fcmer panteonunda \u00f6nemli yerlere gelmektedir. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6nemli kentlerin tanr\u0131lar\u0131na di\u011fer kentlerde de tap\u0131n\u0131lmakta ve sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Bu durum muhtemelen geli\u015fen kentlerin di\u011fer \u015fehirlere olan tesirinden meydana gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir S\u00fcmer tanr\u0131s\u0131, kenti korumakla birlikte tanr\u0131lar panteonunda kentin s\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de yapmakta ve panteonda \u015fehrin menfaatini korumaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda kent tanr\u0131lar\u0131 ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck meselelerle ilgilenirler ve ancak -\u00e7ok zaruri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131nda- sadece b\u00fcy\u00fck krallarla veya \u00f6nemli rahiplerle ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7mektedirler. S\u00fcmer teolojisinde, kent tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n herkesle ilgilenebilecek kadar vaktinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Kent tanr\u0131s\u0131 o kentte ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ve durumlar\u0131n\u0131 takip edemeyecek kadar me\u015fgul oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in her ailenin tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kentin tanr\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck sorumluluklar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Panteonun_En_Onemli_Tanrilari\"><strong>Panteonun En \u00d6nemli Tanr\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmer teolojisindeki genel tanr\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na k\u0131saca de\u011findikten sonra ba\u015fl\u0131ca tanr\u0131 tasavvurlar\u0131n\u0131 da incelemeye ba\u015flayabiliriz. Ele alacaklar\u0131m\u0131z en \u00f6nemli ve en bilindik olanlar olacakt\u0131r. Bahsi ge\u00e7en S\u00fcmer tanr\u0131 panteonundaki tanr\u0131lar\u0131n birbirleri ile olan ili\u015fkileri ya da akrabal\u0131k ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil inand\u0131klar\u0131 baz\u0131 tanr\u0131lar\u0131n salt tasavvurlar\u0131n\u0131, i\u015flevlerini ve insanlar nazar\u0131ndaki konumlar\u0131n\u0131 aktarmaya gayret edece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Anu\"><strong>Anu<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anu\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Anu <\/a>Akadca\u2019d\u0131r. S\u00fcmer dilinde An olarak bilinir. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helenistik_D%C3%B6nem\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helenistik_D%C3%B6nem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Helenistik d\u00f6nemde<\/a> Zeus ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6k tanr\u0131s\u0131, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n babas\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat asla <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoteizm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoteizm\">monoteizm <\/a>anlam\u0131nda bir tek tanr\u0131 de\u011fildir. Muhtemelen S\u00fcmer \u00f6ncesinin \u00f6nemli tanr\u0131lar\u0131ndan bir tanesidir. \u00c7ok eski d\u00f6nemlerin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in terk edilmi\u015f, bundan dolay\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla soyut tek tanr\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Enlil ve Enki ile Mezopotamya\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcy\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Bu inan\u00e7ta dikkat \u00e7eken hususlardan bir tanesi de b\u00fcy\u00fck ilahlar \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn (teslisin) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Irak\u2019ta bulunan Uruk (Erek) \u015fehrinin tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fehirdeki <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eanna\" title=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eanna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Eanna <\/a>ad\u0131yla bilinen tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Erken d\u00f6nemlerde muhtemelen g\u00f6k, atmosfer f\u0131rt\u0131na tanr\u0131s\u0131 olan Anu, \u00f6neminin azalmas\u0131na yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te, H\u0131ristiyan teslisindeki Baba\u2019n\u0131n rol\u00fcne benzer \u015fekilde daha \u00e7ok tasarlayan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, d\u00fczenleyen bir tanr\u0131 haline getirilmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Tekvin 14\/18\u2019deki Melkizedek\u2019in tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanlara uzak bir tanr\u0131d\u0131r. Oturdu\u011fu yer Uru sag anna \/ g\u00f6klerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehridir. Enlil, Enki ve Ninhursag\u2019\u0131n babas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Enlil\"><strong>Enlil<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enlil\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enlil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Enlil<\/a>, S\u00fcmer tabletlerinde Nunamnir ismiyle de zikredilmektedir. Mezopotamya\u2019da ilk olarak Akadlar taraf\u0131ndan tap\u0131n\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Enlil\u2019e Akad dilinde Ellil denilmektedir. S\u00fcmerlerde f\u0131rt\u0131na, iklimler ve atmosferik olaylar\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren tanr\u0131d\u0131r. Yetkisini do\u011frudan babas\u0131ndan Anu\u2019dan al\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ikincisidir. <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nippur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nippur\">Nippur <\/a>\u015fehrinin tanr\u0131s\u0131yken Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun evrensel tanr\u0131s\u0131 haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yer ve da\u011f-tepe ile ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc fenomenin tanr\u0131s\u0131 iken zamanla babas\u0131 An\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 da devralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcmer tanr\u0131lar panteonunda ba\u015f tanr\u0131 unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u011fmur, f\u0131rt\u0131na, kar, r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve bunlar\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirmesine mahk\u00fbm tar\u0131m, bereket, \u00fcretimle ilgili faaliyetleri d\u00fczenler. \u0130nsan\u0131n kaderini \u015fekillendirmede fonksiyon icra eder. Yer ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fc birbirinden ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kozmik bir g\u00f6revi vard\u0131r. Irak Nippur\u2019daki tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Duranki (yer ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Enki\"><strong>Enki<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ea ya da S\u00fcmer dilinde <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enki\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enki\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Enki<\/a>. \u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde An\u2019\u0131n kendi benzerini yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nudimmud olarak biliniyordu. S\u00fcmerlerin en pop\u00fcler tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Siyasal egemenler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli fonksiyonlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Irak\u2019taki <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eridu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eridu\">Eridu <\/a>\u015fehrinin tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Yahudi kaynaklar\u0131na Enoh ad\u0131yla giren Enki, sular\u0131n, sulardan kaynaklanan do\u011fa olaylar\u0131n\u0131n, bilgeli\u011fin, hikmetin, akl\u0131n, bereketin, ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan fenomenlerin, matematiksel zek\u00e2n\u0131n, d\u00fcnya ve insan\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ait pek \u00e7ok \u015feyin tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Fonksiyonlar\u0131 insan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn detay d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in insanla i\u00e7li d\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00e7o\u011fu kez de insan\u0131 koruyan, m\u00fc\u015ffik \u00f6zellikleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Ninhursag\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ninhursag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ninhursag\">Ninhursag<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmer mitolojisinde ana tanr\u0131\u00e7a, yery\u00fcz\u00fc ve bereket tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. S\u00fcmerce (Kutsal) Da\u011f\u0131n Kad\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Kimi kaynaklarda Nintu (Do\u011fumun Han\u0131m\u0131), Mama (Ana), Ninmah (B\u00fcy\u00fck Krali\u00e7e), Belet-\u0131li (Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n Han\u0131m\u0131) ve Ki (Yery\u00fcz\u00fc) olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tap\u0131nak yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda kendisinden <em>\u201cCennetin ger\u00e7ek ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck han\u0131m\u0131\u201d<\/em> diye bahsedilirken, S\u00fcmer krallar\u0131n\u0131n onun s\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erek b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sonradan bereket tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0nanna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0nanna\">\u0130nanna <\/a>ve \u0130\u015ftar ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmer panteonunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli iken zamanla \u00f6nemi azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Muhtemelen \u0130\u015ftar\u2019\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi onun aleyhine olmu\u015ftur. Ortado\u011fu\u2019da erken d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren di\u015fili\u011fin\/\u00fcretkenli\u011fin sembol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Bereket getiren, \u00fcremeyi, \u00e7o\u011falmay\u0131 temin eden ana tanr\u0131\u00e7a misyonuna sahip bir otoritedir. Zarafet, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, kibarl\u0131k, incelik gibi insani ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fczerine egemen bir tanr\u0131\u00e7ad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Nanna\"><strong>Nanna<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmerler ay tanr\u0131lar\u0131na <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanna\" title=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nanna<\/a>, Nannar veya Suen isimleriyle seslenirlerdi. Bazen birbirinden farkl\u0131 iki ismi de kulland\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Semitik kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sin\u2019dir. \u00d6zellikle Ur ve Harran\u2019da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olan Nanna, Mezopotamya\u2019daki g\u00f6\u00e7ebe halklar\u0131n ya\u015fant\u0131 bi\u00e7iminin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir gelene\u011fin miras\u0131d\u0131r. Ay\u0131n safhalar\u0131ndaki g\u00f6zlenebilir matematiksel d\u00fczenlik, kozmik olaylarla ay aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, med-cezir dolay\u0131s\u0131yla su ile ili\u015fkisi, \u00f6zellikle dolunaydaki psikolojik etkileri, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7obanlar i\u00e7in gece ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi, dolunay ve hilal aras\u0131ndaki safhalar\u0131n kendili\u011finden var ve yok olma imgesini \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok do\u011fal fenomenin \u201csihirli\u201d etkisi ile ay \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren ilahi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Utu\"><strong>Utu<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Utu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Utu\">Utu<\/a>, S\u00fcmer tanr\u0131 panteonunun yazg\u0131lar\u0131 belirleyen yedi tanr\u0131s\u0131ndan birisidir. S\u00fcmerler Utu, Akadlar ise Sama\u015f kelimeleriyle isimlendirmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcmerlere g\u00f6re Utu, adaletin, hukuk ve kanunlar\u0131n, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ve tanr\u0131lar alemindeki d\u00fczen ve intizam\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Utu, g\u00fcne\u015fin ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ve onun parlak \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmak, bitkilerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini sa\u011flamak ve b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lara s\u0131cakl\u0131k vermek i\u00e7in her g\u00fcn do\u011fu da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131lar\u0131ndan gelerek d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde her yere ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ak\u015fam olunca da ufkun bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndaki paralel kap\u0131dan \u00f6l\u00fcler diyar\u0131na gitti\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Inanna\"><strong>\u0130nanna<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Akad, Asur, Babil literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0nanna\" title=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0nanna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0130\u015ftar <\/a>olarak bilinen S\u00fcmer tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fclt merkezi Uruk \u015fehridir. \u00c7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerde, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc tanr\u0131s\u0131 An\u2019\u0131n, Enlil\u2019in veya ay tanr\u0131s\u0131 Nanna-Sin\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bir yan\u0131yla a\u015fk, bereket, cinsellik, enerji gibi \u00f6zellikleri kontrol ederken, di\u011fer yandan sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ruh ve cesaretin tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nanna S\u00fcmer toplumunda her d\u00f6nemde dikkat \u00e7eken bir tanr\u0131\u00e7a olmu\u015ftur. Yahudilerde Astarte, Yunanda Afrodit<a href=\"#_ftn28\">[<\/a>, Romada Ven\u00fcs gibi isimlerle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen efsanelerin k\u00f6keninde asl\u0131nda \u0130nanna vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Diger_Tanrilar\"><strong>Di\u011fer Tanr\u0131lar<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcmerlerde yukar\u0131da incelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yedi \u00f6nemli tanr\u0131n\u0131n haricinde ba\u015fka tanr\u0131lar da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Her biri ayr\u0131 bir b\u00f6lge ya da \u015fehirde farkl\u0131 i\u015flerle me\u015fguld\u00fcrler. Hepsini burada ele almak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazla geni\u015fletece\u011fi i\u00e7in isimlerini burada anmakla yetinece\u011finiz. Bahsi ge\u00e7en S\u00fcmer tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz; Ere\u015fkiga, Ningirsu, Nergal, \u0130\u015fkur, Nan\u015fe, Namtar, Gibil, Aruru, Ningal, Galla\u2019lar, Dumuzi, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Degerlendirme\"><strong>De\u011ferlendirme<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarihte olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan S\u00fcmerler, hem insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bulu\u015flar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f hem de kendisinden sonraki medeniyetlerin geli\u015fim ve olu\u015fumuna \u00f6nemli derecede etki etmi\u015flerdir. Bilimsel ve metafizik alanlarda sahip olduklar\u0131 bilgiler, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyal zenginlikleri ile di\u011fer medeniyetlere nazaran k\u0131ymetli bir konumda bulunmaktad\u0131rlar. Arkalar\u0131nda b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 3000 kadar k\u0131r\u0131k tablet ve levhalardan edindi\u011fimiz bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131k bu kadim medeniyetin tarihimize kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu de\u011ferlerin fark\u0131nday\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yaz\u0131m\u0131zda S\u00fcmerlere k\u0131saca de\u011findikten sonra, en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en \u00f6nemli yedi tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 incelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Di\u011fer \u00f6nemli tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ise yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmemesi ad\u0131na sadece isimlerini sayd\u0131k. G\u00f6rd\u00fck ki S\u00fcmer tanr\u0131lar\u0131ndan pek \u00e7o\u011fu Ortado\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda zamanla b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131ymet kazanm\u0131\u015f ve sonraki tanr\u0131larla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f. Helenistik d\u00f6nemde Anu\u2019nun Zeus, \u0130\u015ftar\u2019\u0131n ise Afrodit, Ven\u00fcs ve Astarte ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmesini buna \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>Bu makaleyi okuyanlar i\u00e7in tavsiye yaz\u0131lar:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/ozhanozturk.com\/2017\/11\/01\/sumer-mitolojisi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S\u00fcmer Mitolojisi<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/download\/article-file\/717422\" title=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/download\/article-file\/717422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S\u00fcmerlerde Tanr\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131lar Panteonu<\/a><\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/tebsirat-problemi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"Teb\u015firat Problemi\"><strong>Teb\u015firat Problemi<\/strong><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Kaynaklar\"><strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Abdullah Altuncu, S\u00fcmerlerde Tanr\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ve Tanr\u0131lar Panteonu, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Say\u0131 7, Haziran 2014.<\/em><br><em>S. Noah Kramer, S\u00fcmer Mitolojisi, \u00c7ev. Hamide Koyukan, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, S. 23, \u0130stanbul 1999.<\/em><br><em>K\u00fcr\u015fat Demirci, Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giri\u015f, Ay\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kitaplar\u0131 Kitapevi, S. 25, \u0130stanbul 2017.<\/em><br><em>S. Noah Kramer, S\u00fcmerler, \u00c7ev. \u00d6zcan Buse, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, S. 169, \u0130stanbul 2002.<\/em><br><em>Ekrem Sar\u0131k\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu, Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Dinler Tarihi, Fak\u00fclte Kitapevi, S. 25, Isparta 2004.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130&ccedil;indekilerKadim S\u00fcmer Tanr\u0131lar\u0131Tanr\u0131 Anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131Panteonun En \u00d6nemli Tanr\u0131lar\u0131AnuEnlilEnkiNinhursagNannaUtu\u0130nannaDi\u011fer Tanr\u0131larDe\u011ferlendirmeKaynaklar Kadim S\u00fcmer Tanr\u0131lar\u0131 M.\u00d6. 4000 ile M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan kadim bir medeniyettir S\u00fcmerler. Bug\u00fcn Irak\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bulunan Mezopotamya co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde konu\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihin en eski uygarl\u0131klardan biri say\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Mezopotamya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f say\u0131s\u0131z medeniyetin de temelini S\u00fcmerlerin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilir. Yaz\u0131, dil, t\u0131p, astronomi, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2928,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[12],"tags":[816,817,801],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2853"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2853"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2853\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2965,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2853\/revisions\/2965"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2928"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}