{"id":293,"date":"2021-11-10T18:45:51","date_gmt":"2021-11-10T15:45:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.safirtema.com\/safirblog\/2018\/05\/03\/en-komik-reklamlar\/"},"modified":"2021-11-29T13:33:20","modified_gmt":"2021-11-29T10:33:20","slug":"islam-hukukunda-mukellef-ve-ehliyet-kavramlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/islam-hukukunda-mukellef-ve-ehliyet-kavramlari\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130slam Hukukunda M\u00fckellef ve Ehliyet Kavramlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#MUKELLEF_VE_EHLIYET\">M\u00dcKELLEF VE EHL\u0130YET<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#EHLIYETIN_KISIMLARI\">EHL\u0130YET\u0130N KISIMLARI<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-VUCUB_HAK_EHLIYETI\">1-V\u00dcCUB (HAK) EHL\u0130YET\u0130<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-EDA_EHLIYETI\">2-EDA EHL\u0130YET\u0130<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#Kaynaklar\">Kaynaklar<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"MUKELLEF_VE_EHLIYET\"><strong>M\u00dcKELLEF VE EHL\u0130YET<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Islm-Hukukunda-Mukellef-ve-Ehliyet-Kavramlari.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-942\" width=\"259\" height=\"172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Islm-Hukukunda-Mukellef-ve-Ehliyet-Kavramlari.jpg 626w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Islm-Hukukunda-Mukellef-ve-Ehliyet-Kavramlari-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/teklif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M\u00fckellef<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong>dini-hukuki sorumluluk alt\u0131na girmeye elveri\u015fli ki\u015fi demektir. M\u00fckellef olman\u0131n \u015fart\u0131 hitab\u0131 anlayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ak\u0131ll\u0131 olmakt\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan ak\u0131l hastas\u0131 ve gayr\u0131 m\u00fcmeyyiz \u00e7ocukta bir kas\u0131t bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hitap, bunlar hakk\u0131nda taat ve imtisali gerektirmez. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla m\u00fckellef olman\u0131n \u015fart\u0131 ehliyet, ehliyetin temeli de ak\u0131ld\u0131r. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ehliyet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ehliyet,<\/a> <\/strong>ki\u015finin haklardan yararlanmaya ve bor\u00e7lanmaya elveri\u015flili\u011fi demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"EHLIYETIN_KISIMLARI\"><strong>EHL\u0130YET\u0130N KISIMLARI<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"1-VUCUB_HAK_EHLIYETI\">1-V\u00dcCUB (HAK) EHL\u0130YET\u0130<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Temeli, insanl\u0131k vasf\u0131ndan kaynaklanan zimmettir. Zimmet, ki\u015fiyi haklara ve bor\u00e7lara ehil k\u0131lan itibari vas\u0131f demektir. \u0130ki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>a-Eksik V\u00fccub Ehliyeti: <\/strong>Cenin i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusudur. Cenin hi\u00e7bir borcu y\u00fcklenmeye ehil olmay\u0131p miras\u00e7\u0131 olma, kendisine yap\u0131lan vasiyete hak kazanma ve nesebinin s\u00fcbutu gibi baz\u0131 haklara ehildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b-Tam V\u00fccub Ehliyeti: <\/strong>Do\u011fumla birlikte ba\u015flar ve \u00f6l\u00fcme kadar devam eder. Bu d\u00f6nemde art\u0131k hak ehliyeti yan\u0131nda bor\u00e7 ehliyeti de devreye girer. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n eda ehliyetinden yoksun olmalar\u0131 veya eksik ehliyetli olmalar\u0131 onlar\u0131 bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerden muaf tutmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>-Gurm veya gar\u00e2me:<\/em><\/strong> Bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck anlamlar\u0131na gelen gar\u00e2me terimiyle burada daha \u00e7ok tazmin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kastedilir. \u00c7ocuk ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n mal\u0131na verdi\u011fi zarar\u0131 tazmin etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>-\u0130vaz:<\/em><\/strong> Bedel ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Velisi \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in bir \u015fey alsa veya kiralasa bunlar\u0131n bedelleri \u00e7ocu\u011fun mal\u0131ndan \u00f6denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>-S\u0131la:<\/em><\/strong> \u00c7ocu\u011fun akrabal\u0131k nafakas\u0131yla sorumlu tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in zengin olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u00c7ocuk, ceza anlam\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u0131la ile y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc de\u011fildir. Bu bak\u0131mdan akilenin \u00f6demek durumunda oldu\u011fu diyete kat\u0131lmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc her ne kadar akile sistemi bir t\u00fcr dayan\u0131\u015fma olsa da onda ceza anlam\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Su\u00e7luyu su\u00e7u i\u015flemekten korumas\u0131 beklenen akile, bu korumay\u0131 yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in diyeti \u00f6demek durumundad\u0131r. \u00c7ocuk ise bu korumay\u0131 yapacak durumda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in onun bu cezaya muhatap olmas\u0131 uygun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7ocuk namaz gibi bedeni ibadetlerle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi zek\u00e2t gibi mali ibadetlerle de y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc de\u011fildir. Bu mali ibadetlerde aslolan mal de\u011fil, eda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in niyabet ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Hanefilere g\u00f6re s\u0131rf ibadet oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n mallar\u0131ndan zek\u00e2t al\u0131nmazken, zek\u00e2t\u0131n mali y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc bask\u0131n g\u00f6ren di\u011fer ekollere g\u00f6re \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n mallar\u0131ndan zek\u00e2t da al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>F\u0131t\u0131r sadakas\u0131 konusunda Hanefi imamlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130mam Muhammed f\u0131t\u0131r sadakas\u0131n\u0131 ibadet anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan <strong><em>\u201cmeunet\u201d<\/em><\/strong> olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00e7ocuk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan onu vacip g\u00f6rmezken, Ebu Hanife ve Ebu Yusuf, \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in de verilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"2-EDA_EHLIYETI\"><strong>2-EDA EHL\u0130YET\u0130<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ki\u015finin \u015fer\u2019an muteber olacak \u015fekilde tasarrufta bulunmaya elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu itibarla eda ehliyeti, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz hukukunda fiil ehliyeti olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>a-Eksik Eda Ehliyeti: <\/strong>M\u00fcmeyyiz \u00e7ocu\u011fun sahip oldu\u011fu ehliyettir. Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k veya baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar sebebiyle akl\u0131n\u0131 normal insanlar gibi sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullanamayan ki\u015fi yani matuh da ehliyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan t\u0131pk\u0131 m\u00fcmeyyiz \u00e7ocuk gibidir. Eksik ehliyetli ki\u015fi, ibadetlerle m\u00fckellef de\u011fildir. Ancak bir ibadeti yerine getirdi\u011finde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ibadet sahih olur. Eksik eda ehliyeti ile Allah haklar\u0131 ve kul haklar\u0131 konusunda baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler sabit olur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Allah Haklar\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan M\u00fcmeyyiz \u00c7ocu\u011fun Durumu:<\/strong> M\u00fckellef de\u011fildir.<br><strong>Kul Haklar\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan M\u00fcmeyyiz \u00c7ocu\u011fun Durumu:<\/strong> \u00dc\u00e7 grupta de\u011ferlendirilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>-S\u0131rf yarar olanlar:<\/em><\/strong> Velisinin iznine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ge\u00e7erli olur.<br><strong><em>-S\u0131rf zarar olanlar:<\/em><\/strong> Velisi izin verse dahi ge\u00e7erli olmaz.<br><strong><em>-Yarar ve zarara ihtimali bulunan tasarruflar:<\/em><\/strong> \u00c7ocu\u011fun bu t\u00fcrden tasarruflar\u0131 sahih olarak in\u2019ikat eder fakat mevkuf olur ve i\u015flerlik kazanmas\u0131 velisinin icazetine ba\u011fl\u0131 hale gelir. Velisi icazet verirse nafiz olur, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirir. Fakat icazet vermezse yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren bat\u0131l olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Ehliyet-Ariza.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2404\" width=\"240\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Ehliyet-Ariza.png 714w, https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Ehliyet-Ariza-300x160.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7ocu\u011fun vekil olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tasarruflar ge\u00e7erlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc vek\u00e2letle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticari i\u015flerde hi\u00e7bir maddi kayb\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi tecr\u00fcbe kazanmak gibi bir kazanc\u0131 vard\u0131r. Malikiler bu konuda Hanefilerin fikrini payla\u015f\u0131rken, \u015eafiiler m\u00fcmeyyiz \u00e7ocu\u011fun yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuki i\u015flemlerin bat\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. Hanbelilere g\u00f6re ise \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00f6nceden verilmi\u015f izne dayanarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tasarruflar ge\u00e7erliyken izinsiz olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tasarruflar bat\u0131l olur. Sonradan verilen icazetle de sahih hale gelmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b-Tam Eda Ehliyeti: <\/strong>Ki\u015fi, dini-hukuki sorumluluk alt\u0131na girmi\u015f, hukuki tasarruflar\u0131n\u0131 kimsenin yol g\u00f6sterme, denetim ve himayesine gerek kalmaks\u0131z\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na yapabilecek ve onlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenebilecek ve ayr\u0131ca teklifi h\u00fck\u00fcmlere muhatap olacak d\u00fczeye gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bulu\u011f ya\u015f\u0131 biyolojik olarak ergen olmakla ba\u015flar. Bu biyolojik \u00f6zellikler iklimlere, ki\u015filere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik arz edebilece\u011finden fukaha, bulu\u011f i\u00e7in bir alt s\u0131n\u0131r getirme ihtiyac\u0131 duymu\u015ftur. Buna g\u00f6re erkekler 12, k\u0131zlar ise 9 ya\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce bali\u011f olmu\u015f kabul edilmezler. Bu sebeple bu ya\u015ftan \u00f6nceki bulu\u011f iddialar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmaz. Ki\u015fi belli bir ya\u015fa ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde kendisinde h\u00e2l\u00e2 bulu\u011f emareleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmez ise h\u00fckmen bali\u011f kabul edilir. Bu ya\u015f Ebu Hanife\u2019ye g\u00f6re k\u0131zlarda 17, erkeklerde 18 iken Ebu Yusuf, \u0130mam Muhammed ve \u0130mam \u015eafii\u2019ye g\u00f6re k\u0131z ve erkeklerde 15\u2019tir. Kural olarak r\u00fc\u015ft bulu\u011fla birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ancak bulu\u011fa erdi\u011fi halde ki\u015fi re\u015fit olamam\u0131\u015fsa, mahkeme karar\u0131yla hacr edilebilir. Ebu Hanife hacr yerine, mallar\u0131n\u0131n 25 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar ki\u015fiye teslim edilmemesini yeterli bir tedbir olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>Bu makaleyi okuyanlar i\u00e7in tavsiye yaz\u0131: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/fikih\/islam-hukukunda-ehliyet-arizalari\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" title=\"\u0130slam Hukukunda Ehliyet Ar\u0131zalar\u0131\">\u201c\u0130slam Hukukunda Ehliyet Ar\u0131zalar\u0131\u201d<\/a> <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2><span id=\"Kaynaklar\">Kaynaklar<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/ehliyet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bardako\u011flu, Ali. \u201cEhliyet\u201d, D\u0130A<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/teklif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sinano\u011flu, Mustafa. \u201cTeklif\u201d, D\u0130A<\/a><br>\u0130slam Hukuk Usul\u00fc, Yunus Apayd\u0131n, Bilay Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130slam Hukukunda M\u00fckellef ve Ehliyet Kavramlar\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":942,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[10],"tags":[304,302,303,301,300],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=293"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2407,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293\/revisions\/2407"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/942"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=293"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}