{"id":3784,"date":"2020-09-09T12:09:53","date_gmt":"2020-09-09T09:09:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/?p=3784"},"modified":"2022-10-11T16:15:14","modified_gmt":"2022-10-11T13:15:14","slug":"medine-doneminde-hukuki-duzenlemeler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/medine-doneminde-hukuki-duzenlemeler\/","title":{"rendered":"Medine D\u00f6neminde Hukuki D\u00fczenlemeler"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#Giris\">Giri\u015f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Birinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">Birinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Ikinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">\u0130kinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Ucuncu_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Dorduncu_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Besinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">Be\u015finci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Altinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">Alt\u0131nc\u0131 Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Yedinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">Yedinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Sekizinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">Sekizinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Dokuzuncu_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\">Dokuzuncu Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Giris\">Giri\u015f<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Cahiliye adetlerinin k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn kaz\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 13 y\u0131ll\u0131k Mekke d\u00f6neminde, herhangi bir kanuni yap\u0131lanma ile ilgilenilmemi\u015f, daha \u00e7ok dini ayakta tutma, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi gibi i\u015flerle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu d\u00f6nem, asl\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 yo\u011fun ge\u00e7ecek Medine d\u00f6nemindeki hukuk sistemine haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mekke d\u00f6nemi, Hazreti Peygamberin yeni bir dinin esaslar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n az\u0131n\u0131n kendisine inan\u0131p \u00e7o\u011funun reddetti\u011fi bir devredir. Hazreti Peygambere inanmayan \u00e7o\u011funluk kesim her daim \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda durmu\u015f ve onun k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kurutman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rasulullah da buna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fka diyarlara yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu ile hem M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar feraha kavu\u015facak hem de gittikleri topraklara \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 yayacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rasulullah daha bi\u2019setin 5. y\u0131l\u0131nda Habe\u015fistan\u2019a 12 ki\u015filik bir kafile yollam\u0131\u015f, talihsiz bir olay \u00fczerine bu kafile bir y\u0131l sonra d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bunun \u00fczerine Rasulullah 72 ki\u015filik bir kafile daha yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcnler ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f, bu art\u0131\u015f ile m\u00fc\u015friklerin bask\u0131lar\u0131 da had safhaya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Y\u0131llar sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Akabe biatlar\u0131 ile Rasulullah d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lan kap\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. Yesrib\u2019ten gelen bir grup insan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015ftur. Rasulullah onlar\u0131n yanlar\u0131na hoca olarak Musab b. Umeyr\u2019i verir ve Yesrib\u2019e yollar. Sadece iki y\u0131l sonra Yesrib\u2019teki iki b\u00fcy\u00fck kabile -Evs ve Hazrec- M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olur. Rasulullah bu habere \u00e7ok sevinir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n rahata kavu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni bir yol \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131sa bir m\u00fcddet sonra hicret ayeti nazil olur ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar fert fert hicret etmeye ba\u015flarlar. Rasulullah da hicret edince Medine\u2019de sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kalabilece\u011fi bir ortam ve istikbaldeki Medine \u0130slam devleti olu\u015fmu\u015f olur. Devlet olmak baz\u0131 sorumluluklar gerektirir elbet. Yeni adetler, yeni kanunlar ve yeni bir sistem\u2026 Art\u0131k ayetlerin rengi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ayetler yeni bir devlet kurmaya odakl\u0131 gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte Medine d\u00f6nemi hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00f6yle bir de\u011fere sahiptir. Gelin bu hukuki s\u00fcrece kronolojik olarak bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Birinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>Birinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Hutbe:<\/strong> Hz. Peygamber Medine\u2019ye hicret yolculu\u011funda ilk hutbesini Kuba Mescidi\u2019nde irad buyurmu\u015f ve bundan sonra hutbe, cuma namazlar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Ezan:<\/strong> Medine\u2019de hicretten hemen sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 be\u015f vakit namaza d\u00e2vet etmek i\u00e7in bir \u00e7are aranm\u0131\u015f, Rasulullah ashab\u0131 ile bu konuyu isti\u015fare etmi\u015ftir. Hristiyanlar gibi \u00e7an \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131, Yahudiler gibi boru \u00f6tt\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, ate\u015f yak\u0131lmas\u0131 vb. vas\u0131talar teklif edilmi\u015f ise de Peygamberimizin g\u00f6nl\u00fc bunlara yatmam\u0131\u015f ve meclis da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Hazrec kabilesinden Abdullah b. Zeyd isimli zat r\u00fcyas\u0131nda bir ki\u015finin ezan okuyarak namaza d\u00e2vet etti\u011fini ve kamet getirerek de cemaate \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, uyan\u0131nca r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 Rasulullah&#8217;a anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rasulullah &#8220;Bu il\u00e2h\u00ee bir r\u00fcyad\u0131r&#8221; buyurduktan sonra sesi m\u00fcsait olan Bil\u00e2l&#8217;e emretmi\u015f, Bil\u00e2l&#8217;in Peygamber mescidine yak\u0131n y\u00fcksek\u00e7e bir evin \u00fcst\u00fcnde okudu\u011fu ezan-\u0131 Muhammed\u00ee, k\u0131yamete kadar g\u00fczel bir s\u00fcnnet ve \u015fi\u00e2r olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk ezan\u0131 duyunca ko\u015farak gelen Hz. \u00d6mer de ayn\u0131 r\u00fcyay\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade etmi\u015ftir.<a href=\"#_edn1\" id=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Nik\u00e2h:<\/strong> Hicretin birinci y\u0131l\u0131nda Abdurrahman b. Avf evlendi\u011fi zaman Peygamberimiz kendisine &#8220;E\u015fine mehir olarak ne verdin&#8221; diye sormu\u015f, o da &#8220;Bir \u00e7ekirdek (bir gramdan biraz fazla) alt\u0131n&#8221; demi\u015ftir. Peygamberimiz bu cevab\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra &#8220;Bir koyun keserek bile olsa insanlara ziyafet ver&#8221; buyurmu\u015ftur.<a href=\"#_edn2\" id=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Mehir, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve ziyafet gibi unsurlar ile ba\u015flayan aile m\u00fcessesesinin kurulu\u015fu, \u00e7e\u015fitli zamanlarda gelen e\u015f say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 haklar, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle tamamlanarak devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Cihat:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00f6nce Habe\u015fistan&#8217;a, sonra da Medine\u2019ye hicret ettikleri halde Mekkeli m\u00fc\u015friklerin zulm\u00fcnden kurtulamam\u0131\u015flar, bilhassa Mekke&#8217;de kalan kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar, \u00e7e\u015fitli bask\u0131 ve i\u015fkencelere maruz kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece zulm\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmak, din ve vicdan h\u00fcrriyetini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koymak ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale gelmi\u015f, ashap da bunu \u0131srarla talep eder olmu\u015ftu. Nihayet Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2: &#8220;Kendilerine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lanlara, zulme u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 sebebiyle -mukabele etme konusunda- izin verildi. \u015e\u00fcphe yok ki Allah onlara yard\u0131m etmeye hakk\u0131yla kadirdir.&#8221; (Hac: 22\/39) buyurarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n sava\u015fmalar\u0131na izin verdi. Bu izinle ba\u015flayan cihat, gerek\u00e7esi bulunduk\u00e7a k\u0131yamete kadar s\u00fcrmek \u00fczere me\u015fru k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, Peygamberimiz on y\u0131ll\u0131k Medine hayat\u0131nda yirmi be\u015f civar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gaz\u00e2ya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Ikinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>\u0130kinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Oru\u00e7:<\/strong> \u00d6nceki \u00fcmmetlere de farz k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Ker\u00eem&#8217;de bildirilmi\u015f olan Ramazan orucu, muhtemelen Hz. \u0130smail ve babas\u0131 Hz. \u0130brahim \u015feriat\u0131ndan kalm\u0131\u015f bir gelenek olarak Araplarca bilinir, baz\u0131 kimseler bu ayda oru\u00e7 tutarlard\u0131. Peygamberimiz de bu ayda Hira Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019na \u00e7ekilir, burada ibadet ve tefekk\u00fcr ile me\u015fgul olurdu. Hicri 2. y\u0131lda nazil olan \u015fu ayetle Ramazan orucu farz k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cEy iman edenler! Sizden \u00f6ncekilere yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi oru\u00e7 size de yaz\u0131ld\u0131 (farz k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131); umulur ki korunursunuz.\u201d (Bakara: 2\/183)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Bayram namazlar\u0131:<\/strong> Medine\u2019de halk\u0131n e\u011flenip ne\u015felendi\u011fi iki g\u00fcnleri vard\u0131. Peygamberimiz buray\u0131 te\u015frif ettikten sonra &#8220;Allah bunlar\u0131n yerine size daha iyi iki bayram verdi; F\u0131t\u0131r ve Kurban Bayram\u0131&#8221; buyurarak bu iki bayram gelene\u011fini ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve halka bayram namazlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131rd\u0131.<a href=\"#_edn3\" id=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Zek\u00e2t:<\/strong> Yeterli mala sahip olanlar\u0131n vermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu zek\u00e2t farziyeti \u015fu ayetle me\u015fru k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: &#8220;Mallar\u0131ndan, onlar\u0131 temizleyece\u011fin ve ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcceltece\u011fin bir sadaka (zek\u00e2t) al.&#8221; (Tevbe: 9\/103)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. K\u0131blenin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi:<\/strong> M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Mekke d\u00f6neminde namaz k\u0131larken Kud\u00fcs&#8217;teki Beyt-i Makdis&#8217;e y\u00f6neliyorlard\u0131. Medine\u2019de inen ayetle birlikte M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n k\u0131blesi ebediyete dek K\u00e2be olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi: &#8220;Biz senin y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6\u011fe do\u011fru \u00e7evrilmekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Hemen seni ho\u015fnut kalaca\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131bleye do\u011fru d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz; y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131k Mescid-i Haram taraf\u0131na \u00e7evir. (Ey M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar!) siz de nerede olursan\u0131z olun, y\u00fczlerinizi o tarafa \u00e7evirin.&#8221; (Bakara: 2\/144)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Ucuncu_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Miras h\u00fck\u00fcmleri:<\/strong> \u0130sl\u00e2m&#8217;dan \u00f6nce Araplar k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na mirastan hisse vermezler, miras erkek \u00e7ocuklara kal\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mal b\u0131rak\u0131lmak istenen kimseler i\u00e7in vasiyet edilirdi. Buh\u00e2r\u00ee&#8217;nin \u0130bn Abb\u00e2s&#8217;tan \u015fu rivayeti miras hukukunun tarihine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r: &#8220;Mal erkek \u00e7ocu\u011fa ait idi. Ana-babaya vasiyet yoluyla mal b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 bu uygulamadan diledi\u011fi k\u0131sm\u0131 neshederek kald\u0131rd\u0131. Erke\u011fe iki kad\u0131n hissesi kadar verdi. Ana-babadan her birine alt\u0131da bir ve -baz\u0131 durumlarda- anaya \u00fc\u00e7te bir verdi. Kocan\u0131n han\u0131m\u0131na sekizde veya d\u00f6rtte bir, kocaya ise yar\u0131 veya d\u00f6rtte bir verdi.&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn4\" id=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> Miras hukukunun b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc detayl\u0131 \u015fekilde Nisa suresi 11 ve 12. ayetleri anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Bo\u015fanma:<\/strong> Bu y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bo\u015fama h\u00fck\u00fcmleri konmu\u015f ve &#8220;Tal\u00e2k&#8221; ismini ta\u015f\u0131yan sure inmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk ayette \u015f\u00f6yle buyurulmaktad\u0131r: &#8220;Ey Peygamber! Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 bo\u015famak istedi\u011finiz zaman onlar\u0131 iddetleri i\u00e7inde (iddetlerini g\u00f6zeterek) bo\u015fay\u0131n ve iddeti iyi hesap edin. Rabbiniz Allah&#8217;tan korkun. Apa\u00e7\u0131k bir hay\u00e2s\u0131zl\u0131k yapmad\u0131k\u00e7a onlar\u0131 evlerinden \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131n, onlar da \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nlar.&#8221; (Tal\u00e2k: 65\/1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Faiz:<\/strong> Faiz Araplar aras\u0131nda son derece yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Mekke\u2019de, Taif\u2019de ve Medine\u2019de faizcilik yaparak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan kazanan bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi vard\u0131. \u0130slam\u2019da faiz kademe kademe haram k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mekke\u2019de iken ho\u015f bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberi verilmi\u015fti, fakat ilk haram k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131 hicri 3. y\u0131lda Al-i \u0130mran suresi 130. ayeti ile olmu\u015ftur. \u201cEy iman edenler! Faizi kat kat alarak yemeyin. Allah\u2019tan sak\u0131n\u0131n ki ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fas\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Dorduncu_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Yolculukta namaz\u0131n k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve korkulu durumlarda namaz:<\/strong> Nis\u00e2 suresinin 101-103 aras\u0131 ayetleri yolculukta, sava\u015fta vb. hallerde namazla ilgili kolayl\u0131klar getirmektedir: &#8220;Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z zaman, k\u00e2firlerin size k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck etmelerinden \u00e7ekinirseniz, namaz\u0131 k\u0131saltman\u0131zda size bir g\u00fcnah yoktur. \u015e\u00fcphesiz k\u00e2firler sizin apa\u00e7\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r.&#8221; Hadisler ve uygulama, yolculuk vb. durumlarda d\u00f6rt rek\u00e2tl\u0131 farz namazlar\u0131n ikiye indirilerek k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 ruhsat\u0131n\u0131n korku ve tehlikeli durumlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, normal yolculuklarda da bu kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Recm cezas\u0131:<\/strong> Medine\u2019de Yahudi bir erkek Yahudi bir kad\u0131nla zina ederken yakalanm\u0131\u015f ve Hz. Peygamber&#8217;e getirilmi\u015flerdi. Peygamberimiz su\u00e7lulara, kendi dinlerine g\u00f6re cezalar\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu sormu\u015f, onlar\u0131n yalan s\u00f6ylemeleri \u00fczerine Abdullah b. Sel\u00e2m&#8217;\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile Tevrat&#8217;ta mevcut recm h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc bulmu\u015f ve su\u00e7lulara uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm, s\u00fcnnete dayal\u0131 icm\u00e2 ile \u0130sl\u00e2m&#8217;a da intikal etmi\u015f ve bu su\u00e7u i\u015fleyen evli \u015fah\u0131slara -bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok az da olsa- uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<a href=\"#_edn5\" id=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Abdest ve Teyemm\u00fcm:<\/strong> \u0130lgili ayette \u015f\u00f6yle buyurulmaktad\u0131r: \u201cEy iman edenler! Namaza kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z zaman y\u00fczlerinizi ve dirseklerinize kadar ellerinizi y\u0131kay\u0131n. Ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 meshedin ve topuklar\u0131n\u0131za kadar ayaklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 y\u0131kay\u0131n. E\u011fer c\u00fcn\u00fcp iseniz boydan boya y\u0131kan\u0131n. E\u011fer hasta yahut yolculukta olursan\u0131z veya sizden biri tuvalet ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ya da kad\u0131nlara dokunmu\u015f (\/ cima etmi\u015f) olup da su bulamazsan\u0131z temiz bir toprakla teyemm\u00fcm edin. Onunla y\u00fczlerinizi ve ellerinizi meshedin. Allah size bir zorluk \u00e7\u0131karmak istemiyor; ancak sizi temizlemek ve olur ki \u015f\u00fckredersiniz diye \u00fczerinize nimetini tamamlamak istiyor.\u201d (Maide: 5\/6)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Besinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>Be\u015finci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. \u0130ffete iftira cezas\u0131 (haddu&#8217;l-kazf):<\/strong> Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n namuslar\u0131na dil uzat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek maksad\u0131na y\u00f6nelik &#8220;iftira cezas\u0131&#8221; yine bu y\u0131l, Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe&#8217;ye y\u00f6neltilen bir iftira sebebiyle vazedilmi\u015ftir. Bu cezay\u0131 getiren ayetin meali \u015f\u00f6yledir: &#8220;Namuslu kad\u0131nlara zina isnad\u0131nda bulunup, sonra (isbat i\u00e7in) d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getiremeyenlere seksener sopa vurun ve art\u0131k onlar\u0131n \u015fahitli\u011fini hi\u00e7bir zaman kabul etmeyin.&#8221; (Nur: 24\/4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. \u00cel\u00e2:<\/strong> \u00cel\u00e2, kocan\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131na yakla\u015fmamak, onunla cins\u00ee temasta bulunmamak \u00fczere yemin etmesidir. \u0130lgili nasta bunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r: \u201cKad\u0131nlara yakla\u015fmamaya yemin edenler d\u00f6rt ay beklerler; e\u011fer bu m\u00fcddet i\u00e7inde kad\u0131nlar\u0131na d\u00f6nerlerse \u015f\u00fcphesiz Allah \u00e7ok\u00e7a ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayan ve esirgeyendir. E\u011fer bo\u015famaya karar verirlerse Allah (her \u015feyi) i\u015fitir ve bilir.\u201d (Bakara: 2\/226-227)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Altinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>Alt\u0131nc\u0131 Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Anla\u015fma kaideleri:<\/strong> Ras\u00fbl-i Ekrem (s.a.v.) ash\u00e2b\u0131 ile beraber, hicr\u00ee 6. y\u0131lda umre ibadeti yapmak \u00fczere Mekke&#8217;ye hareket etmi\u015fti. Mekke yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Hudeybiye b\u00f6lgesinde Kurey\u015f m\u00fc\u015frikleri yolunu keserek onu Mekke&#8217;ye sokmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdi. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n aleyhine gibi g\u00f6z\u00fcken bir anla\u015fmaya var\u0131ld\u0131 ve o y\u0131l Medine\u2019ye geri d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu h\u00e2dise \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde milletleraras\u0131 ili\u015fkiler, harp ve sulh, m\u00fcz\u00e2kere usul\u00fc gibi meselelerde \u00f6nemli kaideler konmu\u015f, gerekli \u00f6rnekler verilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kilerin ve \u015fans oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131:<\/strong> Alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kilerin yasaklanmas\u0131 faiz gibi birden olmam\u0131\u015f, bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131z olarak ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in &#8220;yasaklamay\u0131 zaman i\u00e7ine yayma ve sindirme&#8221; metodu takip edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk \u00e2yette; hurma ve \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn faydalar\u0131ndan bahsedilirken bunlar\u0131n sarho\u015f olmak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zikredilmi\u015f (Nahl: 16\/96), ikinci ayette i\u00e7ki ve kumar\u0131n faydalar\u0131 bulunmakla beraber zararlar\u0131n\u0131n daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (Bakara: 2\/219), \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ayette sarho\u015flar\u0131n namaz k\u0131lmalar\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f (Nis\u00e2: 4\/43), konu ile ilgili son ayette ise alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kiler ve \u015fans oyunlar\u0131 kesin olarak yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: &#8220;Ey iman edenler! \u015earap, kumar, dikili ta\u015flar (putlar), fal ve \u015fans oklar\u0131 birer \u015feytan i\u015fi pisliktir. Bunlardan uzak durun ki, kurtulu\u015fa eresiniz.&#8221; (M\u00e2ide: 5\/90) Bu yasaklaman\u0131n tarihi konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli rivayetler ve tespitler vard\u0131r. Bunlardan kuvvetli olan\u0131, yasaklaman\u0131n Hudeybiye y\u0131l\u0131nda oldu\u011fudur.<a href=\"#_edn6\" id=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Vak\u0131f:<\/strong> Hayber&#8217;den elde edilen ganimet da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131nca Hz. \u00d6mer, kendi hissesini, Allah r\u0131zas\u0131 i\u00e7in vakfetmek \u00fczere Rasulullah ile isti\u015fare etti. Onun &#8220;istersen asl\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r, menfaatini tasadduk edersin&#8221; buyurmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Hz. \u00d6mer, &#8220;sat\u0131lmamak, hibe edilmemek, miras\u00e7\u0131lara kalmamak \u00fczere; fakirler, aile yak\u0131nlar\u0131, k\u00f6leler ve yolcular i\u00e7in&#8221; bu de\u011ferli topra\u011f\u0131 vakfetti. Rivayetlerden birine g\u00f6re \u0130sl\u00e2m&#8217;da ilk vak\u0131f uygulamas\u0131 bu olmu\u015ftur.<a href=\"#_edn7\" id=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. \u0130syan ve haydutlu\u011fun cezas\u0131:<\/strong> Hicr\u00ee 6 ile 7. y\u0131l aras\u0131nda Hz. Peygamber&#8217;e etraf kabilelerden baz\u0131 kimseler M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduk, diyerek s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Zay\u0131f olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Medine s\u0131tmas\u0131na yakaland\u0131lar. Hz. Peygamber de onlar\u0131 hem tedavi olsunlar hem de beslensinler diye Medine haricinde, zek\u00e2t develerinin bulundu\u011fu yere g\u00f6nderdi. Bu \u015fah\u0131slar orada iyile\u015fip g\u00fc\u00e7 kazan\u0131nca irtidat ederek deve \u00e7obanlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcyler \u00fcrperten i\u015fkenceyle \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler ve develeri al\u0131p gittiler. Rasulullah bunlar\u0131n pe\u015finden takip\u00e7i birlik g\u00f6nderdi. Yakalan\u0131p getirildiler. Cezalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u015fu ayetler nazil oldu: \u201cAllah ve Rasul\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fanlar\u0131n ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde d\u00fczeni bozmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n cezas\u0131 ancak ya ac\u0131nmadan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri ya as\u0131lmalar\u0131 yahut el ve ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7aprazlama kesilmesi yahut da bulunduklar\u0131 yerden s\u00fcr\u00fclmeleridir. Bu onlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki r\u00fcsval\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar i\u00e7in ahirette de b\u00fcy\u00fck azap vard\u0131r.\u201d (M\u00e2ide: 5\/33)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Yedinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>Yedinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Baz\u0131 yiyeceklerin yasaklanmas\u0131:<\/strong> Hayber Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ehl\u00ee e\u015feklerin azalmas\u0131 \u00fczerine durumu Rasulullah&#8217;a iletmi\u015flerdi. O da ehl\u00ee e\u015fek etinin yenmesini kesin olarak yasaklad\u0131.<a href=\"#_edn8\" id=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a> Cahiliye devri Araplar\u0131 hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar\u0131 yerlerdi. Bunlardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Kur&#8217;\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem, bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da (k\u00f6pek di\u015fi ile par\u00e7alayan etoburlar ile pen\u00e7esiyle avlayan ku\u015flar vb.) s\u00fcnnet yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Zirai ortakl\u0131k:<\/strong> Cahiliye devrinde topra\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131fatla i\u015flemek ve ekmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oluyordu: Topra\u011f\u0131n sahibi olmak, menfaati ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olmak, nakit kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kiralamak. \u0130sl\u00e2m bunlardan ilk ikisini kullan\u0131ma ge\u00e7irdi. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fekil \u00fczerinde yasaklay\u0131c\u0131 hadisler bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Sekizinci_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>Sekizinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. K\u0131sas:<\/strong> K\u0131sasla ilgili ayetler (Bakara: 178, 179; M\u00e2ide: 45; \u0130sr\u00e2: 33) gere\u011fi Mekke&#8217;de Ras\u00fblullah, H\u00fczeyl kabilesinden bir \u015fahs\u0131, S\u00fcleym kabilesinden birisini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in k\u0131sas ile cezaland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fetih&#8217;ten sonra irad buyurduklar\u0131 hutbede \u015fu ifadeye yer vermi\u015flerdir: &#8220;Bir yak\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ki\u015finin \u00f6n\u00fcnde iki se\u00e7enek vard\u0131r; ya kendisine tazminat \u00f6denir yahut da -bunu kabul etmezse- katil k\u0131sas olunur.&#8221;<a href=\"#_edn9\" id=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. M\u00fcddetli evlenmenin (Mut\u2019a) yasaklanmas\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130sl\u00e2m&#8217;da evlenme akdi, ge\u00e7ici bir zaman i\u00e7in, m\u00fcddetli olarak de\u011fil, devaml\u0131 olmak \u00fczere yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130kinci bir tasarruf ile evlilik ba\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmedik\u00e7e akit taraflardan birinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar devam eder. Hayber Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kadar sava\u015f hali zaruri k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n belli bir m\u00fcddet i\u00e7in akit yaparak evlenmelerine izin verilmi\u015fti. Mut&#8217;a nik\u00e2h\u0131 denilen bu nevi evlenme, nihai h\u00fckme M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n intibaklar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere, \u00f6nce Hayber Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda yasakland\u0131. Sonra bir m\u00fcddet daha serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 ve S\u00fcnnilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa g\u00f6re Mekke&#8217;nin Fethi seferinde kesin ve devaml\u0131 olmak \u00fczere yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Dokuzuncu_Yilda_Duzenlemeler\"><strong>Dokuzuncu Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Hac:<\/strong> \u0130sl\u00e2m&#8217;\u0131n be\u015f \u015fart\u0131ndan biri olan&nbsp;hac,&nbsp;hicretin 9. senesinde farz k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131. \u0130lgili ayetlerin meali \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cMuhakkak ki insanlar\u0131n ibadeti i\u00e7in kurulan ilk mabet, Mekke&#8217;deki o \u00e7ok m\u00fcbarek ve insanlar\u0131n k\u0131blesi olup \u00e2lemlere do\u011fru yol g\u00f6steren K\u00e2be&#8217;dir. Onda, Allah kat\u0131ndaki \u015feref ve h\u00fcrmetini g\u00f6steren apa\u00e7\u0131k deliller ve \u0130brahim&#8217;in makam\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ona giren, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tecav\u00fczden emin olur. Ona varmaya g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten kimsenin K\u00e2be&#8217;yi tavaf etmesi ise, Allah&#8217;\u0131n insanlar \u00fczerindeki bir hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Her kim bu hakk\u0131 tan\u0131maz ve hacc\u0131 ink\u00e2r ederse, do\u011frusu Allah b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e2lemlerden m\u00fcsta\u011fnidir, kimsenin ibadetine ihtiyac\u0131 yoktur.&#8221; (<em>\u00c2l-i \u0130mran: 3\/96-97)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu ayet-i kerimeler hicretin dokuzuncu y\u0131l\u0131nda nazil olunca, Hz. Rasulullah bir hutbe irad ederek M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara m\u00fckellefiyetlerini \u015f\u00f6yle bildirdi: \u201cEy insanlar! Hac \u00fczerinize farz k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131. O h\u00e2lde haccediniz.\u201d Resul-i Ekrem\u2019in bu tebli\u011fi \u00fczerine sahabeler,\u00a0\u201cY\u00e2 Rasulallah! Her y\u0131l m\u0131?\u201d\u00a0diye sordular. Peygamber Efendimiz cevap vermeyerek sustu. Ayn\u0131 sualin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kere tekrarlanmas\u0131ndan sonra Peygamberimiz (s.a.v.) &#8220;Hay\u0131r! Her y\u0131l de\u011fil. \u015eayet\u00a0&#8216;Evet&#8217;\u00a0demi\u015f olsayd\u0131m, muhakkak ki her sene haccetmek \u00fczerinize farz olurdu ve siz buna g\u00fc\u00e7 yetiremezdiniz.&#8221;<sup> <a id=\"_ednref10\" href=\"#_edn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup> buyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>Bu makaleyi okuyanlar i\u00e7in tavsiye yaz\u0131: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/medine-doneminde-hukuki-duzenlemeler\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Medine D\u00f6neminde Hukuki D\u00fczenlemeler\">&#8220;Medine D\u00f6nemi Hukuki D\u00fczenlemeler&#8221;<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a id=\"_edn1\" href=\"#_ednref1\">[1]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Ezan, 1; Tirmiz\u00ee, Mev\u00e2k\u00eet, 27; M\u00fcslim, Nik\u00e2h, 79<br><a id=\"_edn2\" href=\"#_ednref2\">[2]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Nik\u00e2h, 7, 54, 56<br><a id=\"_edn3\" href=\"#_ednref3\">[3]<\/a> Nes\u00e2\u00ee, Iydeyn, I., Ahmed, C. III, s. 103.<br><a id=\"_edn4\" href=\"#_ednref4\">[4]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Vas\u00e2y\u00e2, 6.<br><a id=\"_edn5\" href=\"#_ednref5\">[5]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Hud\u00fbd, 24 vd.<br><a id=\"_edn6\" href=\"#_ednref6\">[6]<\/a> \u0130bn Hacer, Fethu&#8217;l-B\u00e2r\u00ee, C. XII, s. 127.<br><a id=\"_edn7\" href=\"#_ednref7\">[7]<\/a> \u015eevk\u00e2n\u00ee, Neylu&#8217;l-evt\u00e2r, C. VI, s. 22-35.<br><a id=\"_edn8\" href=\"#_ednref8\">[8]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Zeb\u00e2ih, 24; Z\u00e2du&#8217;l-me&#8217;\u00e2d, Beyrut, 1987; C. III, s. 342.<br><a id=\"_edn9\" href=\"#_ednref9\">[9]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Diy\u00e2t, 8<br><a id=\"_edn10\" href=\"#_ednref10\">[10]<\/a> <em>M\u00fcsned, 2:113; M\u00fcslim, 2:975<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130&ccedil;indekilerGiri\u015fBirinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler\u0130kinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemelerD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemelerBe\u015finci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemelerAlt\u0131nc\u0131 Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemelerYedinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemelerSekizinci Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemelerDokuzuncu Y\u0131lda D\u00fczenlemeler Giri\u015f Cahiliye adetlerinin k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn kaz\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 13 y\u0131ll\u0131k Mekke d\u00f6neminde, herhangi bir kanuni yap\u0131lanma ile ilgilenilmemi\u015f, daha \u00e7ok dini ayakta tutma, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi gibi i\u015flerle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu d\u00f6nem, asl\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 yo\u011fun ge\u00e7ecek Medine d\u00f6nemindeki [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4224,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[10],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3784"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3784"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3784\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5078,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3784\/revisions\/5078"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3784"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3784"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3784"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}