{"id":3888,"date":"2020-09-10T11:03:59","date_gmt":"2020-09-10T08:03:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/?p=3888"},"modified":"2022-10-08T10:37:00","modified_gmt":"2022-10-08T07:37:00","slug":"ecrumiyye-ve-serhi-et-tuhfetus-seniyye-uzerinden-sematik-nahiv-ilmi-mustafa-ay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/ecrumiyye-ve-serhi-et-tuhfetus-seniyye-uzerinden-sematik-nahiv-ilmi-mustafa-ay\/","title":{"rendered":"Ecr\u00fbmiyye ve \u015eerhi et-Tuhfet\u00fc\u2019s-Seniyye \u00dczerinden \u015eematik Nahiv \u0130lmi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e B\u0130LG\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarifi:<\/strong> \u201cNahv\u201d kelimesi s\u00f6zl\u00fckte iki anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
a- Y\u00f6n ve taraf: (\u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0646\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0648\u064e \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064e\u0646\u064d Filancaya do\u011fru gittim.)
b- Benzer ve denk: (\u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c \u0646\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0648\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651  Muhammed Ali gibidir.)

Ist\u0131lahta ise, Arap\u00e7a kelimelerin bile\u015fik hallerinde sonlar\u0131ndaki irab ve mebnilik gibi de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan ilimdir.
Konusu: <\/strong>Sonlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler (irab ve mebnilikleri) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Arap\u00e7a kelimeler.
Faydas\u0131:<\/strong> Nahiv \u00f6\u011frenmek, Arap\u00e7a konu\u015furken dili hatadan korur. Dinin temel referanslar\u0131 olan Kuran ve hadisleri sahih bi\u00e7imde anlam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.
Kurucusu:<\/strong> Yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte nahvi ilk kuran, Hazreti Ali\u2019nin emri do\u011frultusunda Ebu\u2019l Esved ed-D\u00fcel\u00ee\u2019dir.

ARAP\u00c7A KEL\u0130MELER<\/strong>
\u0130sim:<\/strong> M\u00fcstakil bir manas\u0131 olan, fakat zaman belirtmeyen kelimelerdir. \u0631\u064e\u062c\u064f\u0644 \u060c\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u0646\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0631 (adam, deve ve nehir) gibi.  Cer ve tenvin kabul etmesi, elif lam tak\u0131s\u0131 almas\u0131 ve ba\u015f\u0131na cer harflerinin gelebilmesi gibi \u00f6zelliklerle kelimenin di\u011fer k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan temeyy\u00fcz eder.
Fiil:<\/strong> M\u00fcstakil bir manas\u0131 olan ve ge\u00e7mi\u015f, \u015fimdiki ve gelecek zaman\u0131 belirten kelimelerdir. \u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e (Yazd\u0131) ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman, \u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064f (Yaz\u0131yor) \u015fu anki zaman, \u0627\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0652 (Yaz) ise gelecek zaman fiillerine \u00f6rnektir.
Maz\u00ee fiil<\/strong>: Konu\u015fma an\u0131ndan \u00f6nce bir \u015feyin meydana geldi\u011fini anlatan fiiller. \u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u062d\u064e (a\u00e7t\u0131) ve \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e (bildi) gibi.
Muzar\u00ee fiil<\/strong>: Konu\u015fma an\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda (geni\u015f zamanl\u0131) bir \u015feyin meydana geldi\u011fini anlatan fiiller. \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062d\u064f (a\u00e7\u0131yor-a\u00e7acak-a\u00e7ar) ve \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f (biliyor-bilecek-bilir) gibi.
Emir fiili<\/strong>: Bir \u015feyin konu\u015fma an\u0131n\u0131n akabinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini isteyen fiil t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0627\u0650\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652 (a\u00e7) ve \u0627\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 (bil) gibi.
* Bir kelimenin fiil oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesi \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u060c \u0633\u0650\u064a\u0646\u0652 \u060c \u0633\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0641\u064e tak\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve sakin di\u015fillik ta\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 kabul edebilmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harf:<\/strong> Ba\u015fka kelimede bulunan manay\u0131 anlatan, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na de\u011fil, ancak ba\u015fka bir kelimeyle mana ifade eden kelimelerdir. Mesela  \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 kelimesinin manas\u0131 olan \u201cba\u015flamak, ..den, ..dan\u201d ancak ba\u015fka kelime kendisine eklendi\u011finde tamamlanabilir. Bu durumda \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u0650 (Evden gittim\/gidi\u015fim evden ba\u015flad\u0131) denebilir. Harfin alametleri, isim ve fiilin ay\u0131rdedici \u00f6zelliklerini kendinde bulundurmay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130RAB<\/strong>
Nahiv dilinde irab, ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki amiller sebebiyle kelimelerin sonunun lafzi veya takdiri \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fmesidir. Mesela \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c kelimesi \u062d\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c dedi\u011fimizde raf, \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b dedi\u011fimizde nasb, \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064d dedi\u011fimizde cer harekesini alarak ba\u015f\u0131nda fiiller sebebiyle de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re kelimede hareke (veya harf) de\u011fi\u015fimi yapana (misalde ba\u015ftaki de\u011fi\u015fen fiiller) amil, kendisinde de\u011fi\u015fim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fene (misalde \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f kelimesi) mam\u00fcl, meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fime de (misallerde c\u00fcmle sonundaki \u00f6tre, \u00fcst\u00fcn, esre) irab diyoruz. \u0130rab\u0131n lafzi veya takdiri olmas\u0131 ise kelime sonundaki de\u011fi\u015fimin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle alakal\u0131 bir durum. Misalde \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f kelimesindeki de\u011fi\u015fimleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7in burada irab lafzi oluyorken, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u064a\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a \u060c \u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0636\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064a \u060c \u0645\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a misallerinde \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a kelimesindeki de\u011fi\u015fimler a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in buradaki iraba takdiri (varsay\u0131msal) diyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u0130NA<\/strong>
\u0130raba kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bina, kelimenin sonunun daima ayn\u0131 hareke (veya s\u00fck\u00fbn) \u00fczere kalmas\u0131d\u0131r. Mesela \u0643\u064e\u0645\u0652 kelimesinin daima sakin, \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0650 kelimesinin daima kesre, \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f kelimesinin daima zamme ve \u0623\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e kelimesinin daima fetha olmas\u0131na bina, bu kelimelere de mebni denir. Buradan \u015funu da anl\u0131yoruz: S\u00fck\u00fbn\/sakinlik, kesre, zamme ve fetha mebniler i\u00e7in; raf, nasb, cer\/hafz ve cezm ise murebler (irab alanlar) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130rab\u0131n t\u00fcrleri:<\/strong>
B\u00fct\u00fcn isim ve fiillerde bulunan irab d\u00f6rt tanedir: Raf, nasb, hafz\/cer ve cezm. \u0130simlerde cezm bulunmazken fiillerde hafz ve cer gelmez. B\u00f6ylelikle irab\u0131 farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131dan isim ve fiillerde ortak (raf ve nasb), isimlere mahsus (hafz\/cer) ve fiillere mahsus (cezm) \u015feklinde \u00fc\u00e7e ay\u0131rabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130RABIN G\u00d6STERGELER\u0130<\/strong>

RAFIN G\u00d6STERGELER\u0130:<\/strong>
Bir kelimenin sonunun raf\/merfu oldu\u011funu d\u00f6rt i\u015faretten biriyle anlar\u0131z: Zamme, vav, elif ve nun. Bunlardan zamme asl\u00ee iken, di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc fer\u00eedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zammenin raf yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Zamme d\u00f6rt yerde raf harekesinin g\u00f6stergesi olur: M\u00fcfred isim (\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0637\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f), cem-i teksir (\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064e\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0628\u064f burada zammeler a\u00e7\u0131k\/lafzi, \u062d\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0649 buralarda varsay\u0131msal\/ takdiri), cem-i m\u00fcennes salim (\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064f burada zamme lafzi, \u0647\u064e\u0630\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0634\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u064a burada ise takdiri) ve sonuna bir \u015fey (tesniye elif\u2019i [\u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650], cemi vav\u2019\u0131 [\u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e], m\u00fcennes muhataba ya\u2019s\u0131 [\u062a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e], tekid [\u0644\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e] ve \u00e7o\u011ful di\u015fillik nun\u2019u [\u064a\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0636\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e]) biti\u015fmeyen Fiil-i muzar\u00ee (\u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064f). (Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en cemilerin tarifi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nceki say\u0131n\u0131n sarf \u015femas\u0131na bak\u0131n\u0131z.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vav\u2019\u0131n raf yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Vav iki yerde raf harekesinin g\u00f6stergesi olur: Cem-i m\u00fczekker salimlerde (\u0648\u0644\u064e\u0648\u0652 \u0643\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0647\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e) ve \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064e \u060c \u0623\u064e\u062e\u0648\u0643\u064e \u060c \u062d\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064e \u060c \u0641\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064e \u060c \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644 kelimelerinden olu\u015fan be\u015f isim\/ esma-i hamsede (\u0623\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064e \u0631\u064e\u062c\u064f\u0644\u064c \u0635\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062d\u064c \u060c \u0625\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064e \u060c \u062d\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064e \u060c \u0646\u064e\u0637\u064f\u0642 \u0641\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064e ve \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u064f \u0644\u064e\u0630\u064f\u0648 \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064d misallerinde be\u015f ismin raf hallerinde vav ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.) Hemen ekleyelim: Esma-i hamsenin b\u00f6ylesi irab almas\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015farta haiz olmas\u0131 gerekiyor: M\u00fcfred olacaklar (bununla \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621\u064f \u064a\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 gibiler kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar), tes\u011fir\/k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme bildiren kal\u0131ba sokulmam\u0131\u015f olacaklar (bununla \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0628\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651 gibiler \u00e7\u0131kar), muzaf olacaklar (\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u0628\u0627\u064b gibiler \u00e7\u0131kar) ve izafetleri birinci tekil ya\u2019s\u0131ndan ba\u015fka kelimeye olacak (\u0627\u062d\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0645\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a gibiler \u00e7\u0131kar.) Bu \u015fartlar yerine gelmedi\u011fi zaman be\u015f isim harfle de\u011fil, harekeyle irablan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elif\u2019in raf yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerler:<\/strong>
Elif harf\u0131 sadece tesniye isimlerde raf\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olur. \u062d\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 c\u00fcmlesi buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nun\u2019un raf yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Nun\u2019un raf\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerler fiil-i muzar\u00eedir; tesniye, cemi ve m\u00fcennes muhataba ya\u2019s\u0131na biti\u015fen fiil-i muzar\u00eeler. \u0623\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u063a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u064b misali tesniye elif\u2019inin, \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0645 cemi vav\u2019\u0131n\u0131n, \u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064f \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0643\u0650 misali ise m\u00fcennes muhataba ya\u2019s\u0131na biti\u015fen fiil-i muzar\u00eeye \u00f6rnektir. \u00dc\u00e7 misalde fiil-i muzar\u00ee raf halinde nun alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NASBIN G\u00d6STERGELER\u0130:<\/strong>
Bir kelimenin sonunun nasb\/mensub oldu\u011funu be\u015f i\u015faretten biriyle anlar\u0131z: Fetha, elif, kesre, ya ve nun\u2019un hazfedilmesi. Bunlardan fetha asl\u00ee iken, di\u011ferleri fer\u00eedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fethan\u0131n nasb yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar<\/strong>:
Fetha \u00fc\u00e7 yerde nasb\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7er: M\u00fcfred isim (\u0644\u064e\u0642\u0650\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u064b\u0651 burada fetha lafzi, \u0644\u064e\u0642\u0650\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a burada takdiri), cem-i teksir (\u0635\u064e\u0627\u062d\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e burada fetha lafzi, \u0648\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0633\u064e \u0633\u064f\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0649 burada takdiri), sonuna bir \u015fey biti\u015fmeyen ve ba\u015f\u0131na nasb edici edatlar gelen fiil-i muzar\u00ee (\u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0646\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062d\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0627\u0643\u0650\u0641\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e). Son misalde fiil-i muzar\u00eenin sonuna tesniye elif\u2019i, cemi vav\u2019\u0131 veya muennes muhataba ya\u2019s\u0131 biti\u015fmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, o zaman nasb alameti nunlar\u0131n hazfi\/ d\u00fc\u015fmesi olurdu. E\u011fer tekid nun\u2019u biti\u015fmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, bu takdirde de fetha \u00fczerine mebni, mahallen nasb olurdu. \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 \u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0630\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0646\u0651 \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi. Yok, e\u011fer fiil-i muzar\u00eenin sonuna \u00e7o\u011ful kad\u0131n nun\u2019u biti\u015fseydi, nasb mahallinde s\u00fck\u00fbn \u00fczere mebni olurdu. \u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0650\u0643\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0627\u064e\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650 \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elif\u2019in nasb yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Az geride esmai hamse\u2019nin tam irab (raf halinde vav, nasb halinde elif, cer halinde ya) almas\u0131 i\u00e7in hangi \u015fartlar\u0131n gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. Bu \u015fartlara haiz olan be\u015f isim nasb halinde elif al\u0131r. \u0627\u062d\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0643\u064e \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0631\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0643\u064e \u060c \u0646\u064e\u0638\u0650\u0651\u0641\u0652 \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0643\u064e \u060c \u0644\u0627\u064e \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650 \u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0647 kullan\u0131mlar\u0131nda s\u00f6zkonusu kelimeler meful konumunda almalar\u0131 gereken nasb harekesini elif\u2019le sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.

Kesrenin nasb yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Cem-i m\u00fcennes salim kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n sonundaki kesreler nasb harekesinin g\u00f6stergesidir.\u0627\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0643\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062f\u064e  misalindeki m\u00fcennes ve salim cemiler c\u00fcmledeki konumlar\u0131nca (ilki inne\u2019nin ismi, ikincisi s\u0131fat olarak) almalar\u0131 gereken nasb\u0131 kesre ile sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u2019n\u0131n nasb yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Cem-i m\u00fczekker salim ve tesniye kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n sonunla bulunan ya harfi nasb harekesinin g\u00f6stergesidir. Aralar\u0131ndaki fark, tesniye kal\u0131b\u0131nda ya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ncesi fetha, sonras\u0131 kesre olur. \u0646\u064e\u0638\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0639\u064f\u0635\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0642\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0629\u0650  \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi. Cem-i m\u00fczekkerde ise ya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ncesi kesre, sonras\u0131 fethad\u0131r. \u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0644\u064e\u064a\u0643\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0631\u0650\u0636\u064e\u0627 \u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 kullan\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nun\u2019un hazfinin nasb yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Raf hali nun\u2019un kalmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen be\u015f fiil-i muzar\u00ee (ef\u2019\u00e2l-i hamse) kal\u0131b\u0131nda nun\u2019un fiilden at\u0131lmas\u0131\/hazfi, nasb alameti say\u0131l\u0131r. \u064a\u064e\u0633\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0651\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0638\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 misali buna \u00f6rnektir. Ef\u2019\u00e2l-i hamse k\u0131saca tesniye elif\u2019i, cemi vav\u2019\u0131 ve m\u00fcennes muhataba ya\u2019s\u0131 alan be\u015f fiil-i muzar\u00ee kal\u0131b\u0131d\u0131r. (\u064a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u060c \u062a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u060c \u064a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u060c \u062a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u060c \u062a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HAFZ VEYA CER\u0130N G\u00d6STERGELER\u0130:<\/strong>
Bir kelimenin sonundaki \u00fc\u00e7 alamet onun cer veya hafz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir: Kesre, ya ve fetha. Kesre asl\u00ee, di\u011fer ikisi ise fer\u00eedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kesrenin cer yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
M\u00fcfred munsarif isimlerde, munsarif cemi teksirlerde ve cem-i m\u00fcennes salimlerde sonda bulunan kesre cerin g\u00f6stergesidir. Sarf tenvin demektir. Buna g\u00f6re munsarif demek, tenvin kab\u00fcl eden isimlerdir. Detay sebeplerini az ileride g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz i\u00e7in bir misalle yetinelim: \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0646\u0650\u064a \u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0642\u064f \u0628\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064d  kullan\u0131m\u0131nda Bekr kelimesi muzafun ileyh olarak almas\u0131 gereken cer harekesini kesre ile kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonuna tenvin almas\u0131 da munsarif isim oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Cem-i teksirlerin munsarif olmas\u0131 da tenvin kabul edebilirli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r: \u0631\u064e\u0636\u0650\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u0635\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0634\u064f\u062c\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064d kullan\u0131m\u0131 buna \u00f6rnektir. M\u00fcfredinin kal\u0131b\u0131 bozulmam\u0131\u015f (salim) olan cemi m\u00fcenneslerin cer halinde kesre ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fi ise \u0646\u064e\u0638\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0644\u064e\u064a \u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0624\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064d c\u00fcmlesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u2019n\u0131n cer yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Ya harfi \u00fc\u00e7 yerde; be\u015f isim (esma-i hamse)de, tesniye ve cemilerde cerin yerine ge\u00e7er. \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a \u0623\u0651\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0643\u064e \u0635\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d\u064e \u0643\u0644\u0650\u0651 \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064d \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652 \u0635\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a \u0635\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062a\u0650 \u0623\u062e\u0650\u064a\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0652\u0628\u0631\u0650 \u060c \u0644\u0627\u064e \u062a\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0650\u0628\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0628\u0627\u064b misalleri esma-i hamsenin, \u0627\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0638\u064f\u0631\u0652 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650 kullan\u0131m\u0131 tesniyenin, \u0646\u064e\u0638\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0634\u0650\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e ise cem-i m\u00fczekker salimin cer halinde ya ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fethan\u0131n kesre yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar:<\/strong>
Fetha sadece bir yerde; munsarif olmayan (gayr-i munsarif) isimlerde cerrin g\u00f6stergesidir. Tabi bunlar\u0131n cer halde fetha alabilmeleri, ba\u015flar\u0131nda elif lam tak\u0131s\u0131 bulunmamas\u0131na ve kendilerinden sonraki isme muzaf olmamalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi halde cer hallerinde fetha de\u011fil, kesre al\u0131rlar. Mesela \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0627\u0643\u0650\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u062f\u0650 c\u00fcmlesinde gayr-i munsarif olan el-mesacid kelimesi elif lam tak\u0131s\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in cer halinde kesre alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GAYR-\u0130 MUNSAR\u0130FL\u0130K SEBEPLER\u0130:<\/strong>
Sonlar\u0131na tenvin kabul etmeyen ve cer hallerinde kesre de\u011fil de fetha alan gayr-i m\u00fcnsarif isim, kendisindeki iki sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc fiile benzer. Bu sebeplerden biri kelimenin lafz\u0131na, di\u011feri manas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ya da iki sebep kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tek bir sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bir isim gayr-i munsarif \u00f6zelli\u011fini al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manaya d\u00f6n\u00fck gayr-i munsariflik sebepleri:<\/strong>
Bunlar vas\u0131f (vasfiyyet) ve alem olma (alemiyyet) illetleridir. \u0130ki sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc gayr-i munsarif olan bir isimde ikisinden biri mutlaka bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lafza d\u00f6n\u00fck gayr-i munsariflik sebepleri:
<\/strong>Bunlar alt\u0131 tanedir: Elifsiz m\u00fcenneslik, ucme\/yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenlilik, terkip\/bile\u015fiklik, elif ve nun eki, fiil kal\u0131b\u0131 ve udulluk\/kal\u0131b\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi. Bunlardan her biri alemlik \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle beraber bir isimde bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Vas\u0131fl\u0131k illeti ise ancak \u00fc\u00e7 taneden biriyle; elif nun ekiyle, fiil kal\u0131b\u0131yla veya udulluk sebebiyle beraber bulunabilir bir isimde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alemli\u011fin di\u011fer sebeplerle birle\u015fmesi:<\/strong>
Alemlik, yani \u00f6zel isim olma illetinin elifsiz m\u00fcenneslikle\/di\u015fillikle beraber bulundu\u011funa \u00f6rnek\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629  ve  \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 kelimeleridir. Bunlar \u00f6zel isim olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda elifsiz di\u015fil kal\u0131ba da sahip olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in gayr-i munsariftirler. Tenvin kabul etmez ve cer hallerinde kesre yerine fetha al\u0131rlar. Alemli\u011fin ucmelikle yani Arap\u00e7a d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir k\u00f6kene sahip olma illetiyle beraber bulundu\u011funun misali ise\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633  ve  \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 kelimeleridir. Alemli\u011fin terkip, yani asl\u0131nda iki kelimeden olu\u015fma illetiyle bir kelimede bulu\u015fmas\u0131na \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0636\u0650\u064a\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f  ve  \u0631\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0632isimlerini \u00f6rnek verebiliriz. Bunlar asl\u0131nda iki kelimeden m\u00fcrekkep ve ayr\u0131ca alem, yani \u00f6zel isim olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in gayr-i munsariftirler. Alemli\u011fin elif nun ekiyle beraberli\u011fine ise \u0639\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f ve \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f kelimelerinde rastlar\u0131z. Alemli\u011fin vezn-i fiil, yani fiil kal\u0131b\u0131nda olma illetiyle birle\u015fmesine \u0623\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f ve \u064a\u064e\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064f isimleri \u00f6rnektir. Bunlar \u00f6zel isim olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda fiil-i muzar\u00ee kal\u0131plar\u0131na sahiptirler. Alemli\u011fin udulluk, yani farkl\u0131 kal\u0131ptan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme illetiyle bulundu\u011funa \u00f6rnek ise \u0639\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0631\u064f ve \u0632\u064f\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064f isimleridir. Bunlar ismi fail kal\u0131plar\u0131 olan\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0631  ve  \u0632\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0631kal\u0131plar\u0131ndan \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. \u0130ki \u00f6zellikten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc gayr-i munsariftirler.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vas\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n di\u011fer sebeplerle birle\u015fmesi:<\/strong>
Alemlik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda manaya d\u00f6n\u00fck bir gayr-i munsariflik sebebi olan vas\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n elif nunla birle\u015fmesine misal \u0631\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064f  ve \u0634\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f isimleridir. Biri \u201cyeme\u011fe doymu\u015f\u201d, di\u011feri \u201csuya kanm\u0131\u015f\u201d anlam\u0131nda s\u0131fatlar olarak elif nun almakla birlikte gayr-i munsariflik kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Vas\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n fiil kal\u0131b\u0131nda olma illetiyle birle\u015fmesine misal ise \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064f  ve \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0644\u064f kelimeleridir. Kendilerinde hem \u201cen de\u011ferli\u201d ve \u201cen c\u00f6mert\u201d anlam\u0131nda vas\u0131fl\u0131k, hem fiil-i muzar\u00ee kal\u0131b\u0131nda olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in vezn-i fiil illeti bulunmaktad\u0131r. Vas\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n udull\u00fckle beraber bulunmas\u0131na \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0639\u064f  ve  \u062b\u064f\u0644\u0627\u064e\u062b\u064fisimlerini \u00f6rnek verebiliriz. \u201c\u00dc\u00e7er\u201d ve \u201cd\u00f6rder\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki bu kal\u0131plar asl\u0131nda say\u0131n\u0131n iki kere tekrarlanmas\u0131 durumundan\u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644  ve \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644 kal\u0131plar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylelikle \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 (Talebeler \u00fc\u00e7er \u00fc\u00e7er geldi) diyece\u011fimize ayn\u0131 manay\u0131 veren farkl\u0131 bir kal\u0131pla \u062b\u064f\u0644\u0627\u064e\u062b\u064e \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 diyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki illet say\u0131lan gayr-i munsariflik sebepleri:<\/strong>
Bunlar m\u00fcnteh\u00e2-i cum\u00fb kal\u0131b\u0131 ve elif-i maksura veya elif-i memdudeli m\u00fcenneslerdir. Aslen cemi teksir kal\u0131b\u0131nda olup da sonuna teksir elif\u2019inden sonra iki veya daha fazla harf alan m\u00fcnteh\u00e2-i cum\u00fb kal\u0131b\u0131na misal \u0645\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u062f\u064e  ve \u0645\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u064a\u062d kelimelerini; elif-i maksural\u0131 (uzatmas\u0131z elifli) m\u00fcennese ise\u062f\u064f\u0646\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0627  ve  \u062f\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0649 \u00f6rneklerini, elif-i memdudeli (uzatmal\u0131 elifli) m\u00fcenneslere de \u0639\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621 ve \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0621 isimlerini misal getirebiliriz. Tek illet bu kelimeleri gayr-i munsarif yapmaya yetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CEZM\u0130N G\u00d6STERGELER\u0130:<\/strong>
S\u00fck\u00fbn\u00fcn cezm yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar: Sonunda illet harfleri olan vav, ya ve elif bulunmayan fiil-i muzar\u00eeler. Mesela \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u062d\u064f muzar\u00eesinin ba\u015f\u0131na cezm edici edat geldi\u011finde \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u015feklinde sonu sakin olur ve bunun cezm\/meczum oldu\u011funu anlar\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hazfin (son harfin d\u00fc\u015fmesinin) cezm yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi durumlar: Bunlar sonunda illet harfi bulunan ve be\u015f fiil (ef\u2019al-i hamse) kal\u0131b\u0131 i\u00e7erisinden yer alan fiil-i muzar\u00eelerdir. Sonu illetli\/mutel olana misal \u064a\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648 muzar\u00eesidir. Cezm halinde \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064f \u015feklinde sonundaki illet harfi d\u00fc\u015fer\/hazfolur. \u0130kinci yere \u064a\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u064a\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek verebiliriz. Ba\u015flar\u0131na cezmedici ald\u0131klar\u0131nda keza son harfleri d\u00fc\u015fer: \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0627\u060c \u060c \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628\u0650\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HAREKE VE HARF A\u00c7ISINDAN \u0130RABIN KISIMLARI:<\/strong>
HEREKE \u0130LE \u0130RAB ALANLAR:<\/strong>
M\u00fcfred isim<\/strong>: Mesela \u0630\u064e\u0627\u0643\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0652\u0633\u064e \u00f6rne\u011finde \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c ve \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064e kelimeleri m\u00fcfred isim olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in irablar\u0131n\u0131 hareke olarak zamme ve fetha ile alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
Cem-i teksir:<\/strong> Mesela \u062d\u064e\u0641\u0650\u0638\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0630\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0651\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e \u00f6rne\u011finde \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u064f ve \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064e kelimeleri teksir cemisi olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in irablar\u0131n\u0131 hareke ile alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
Cem-i m\u00fcennes salim:<\/strong> \u062e\u0634\u064e\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0650 misalinde \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064f ve \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0650 kelimeleri di\u015fil ve salim bir cemi olarak irablar\u0131n\u0131 hareke ile alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
Sonuna bir \u015fey biti\u015fmeyen fiil-i muzar\u00ee: <\/strong>Mesela \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f dedi\u011fimizde muzar\u00eenin sonuna bir \u015fey biti\u015fmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in zamme harekesini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hareke ile irabta as\u0131l durum:<\/strong>
\u0130rab\u0131 harekelerle sa\u011flanan m\u00fcfred isimde, cem-i teksirde, cem-i m\u00fcennes salimde ve sonuna bir \u015fey biti\u015fmeyen fiil-i muzar\u00eede  aslolan durum, d\u00f6rt halde d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 hareke almalar\u0131d\u0131r: Raf halinde zamme, nasb halinde fetha, cer halinde kesre ve cezm halinde s\u00fck\u00fbn. Fakat \u00fc\u00e7 kelime bu asl\u00ee durumun d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Nasb halinde (fetha yerine) kesre alan cem-i m\u00fcennes salim (\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0650). Cezm halinde (s\u00fck\u00fbn yerine) sonundaki harf d\u00fc\u015fen sonu illet harfli fiil-i muzar\u00ee (\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064f ). Cer halinde (kesre yerine) fetha alan munsarif isim (\u0645\u0631\u0631\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064e).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HARFLE \u0130RAB ALANLAR:<\/strong>
Bir kelimede irab g\u00f6stergesi say\u0131lan harfler d\u00f6rt tanedir: Elif, vav, ya ve nun. D\u00f6rt kelime bu harflerle irab\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
Tesniye:<\/strong> M\u00fcfred ve ceminin aras\u0131nda bir \u015feyin iki adedini ifade eden bu isimler, raf halinde elif, nasb ve cer halinde ya al\u0131r. Raf haline misal \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0650\u064a\u0627\u064e\u0646 nasb haline misal \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0650\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 ve cer haline misal \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 c\u00fcmleleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cem-i m\u00fczekker salim:<\/strong> Erile kullan\u0131lan ve m\u00fcfredinin kal\u0131b\u0131 bozulmam\u0131\u015f demek olan cem-i m\u00fczekker salim kal\u0131plar\u0131 vav ile raf, ya ile nasb ve cer al\u0131rlar.\u0623\u0641\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0650\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641  raf haline \u00f6rnek, \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641  nasb haline \u00f6rnek,\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641  ise cer haline \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esma-i hamse:<\/strong> Geride detayl\u0131ca g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz be\u015f isim raf hallerinde vav, nasb halinde elif, cer halinde ya al\u0131rlar. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0637\u0639\u0647 raf haline,  \u0623\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0643nasb haline, \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0643 ise cer halinin kullan\u0131m\u0131na misaldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efal-i hamse:<\/strong> Geride g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz be\u015f fiil-i muzar\u00ee kal\u0131b\u0131 raf halini nun\u2019un kalmas\u0131yla, nasb ve cezm halini ise nun\u2019un gitmesiyle sa\u011flar. \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 muzar\u00eesinde raf halinde nun sabitken \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 cezm halinde ve \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627  nasb halinde nun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u0130\u0130LLER\u0130N \u0130RABLARI
MAZ\u00ce F\u0130\u0130L\u0130N \u0130RABI:<\/strong>
Zahiri fetha \u00fczere mebni olanlar: <\/strong>Sonuna \u00e7o\u011ful vav\u2019\u0131 ve harekeli raf zamiri (\u062a, \u0646\u0627, \u0646) biti\u015fmeyen fiil-i maz\u00eeler daima g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr fetha \u00fczere mebnidirler. \u0633\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u064e ve  \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e\u00f6rneklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takdiri fetha \u00fczere mebni olanlar:<\/strong> Bu fiillerin sonunda takdiri (varsay\u0131msal) fetha ya; a- \u00f6z\u00fcrden dolay\u0131 takdir edilmi\u015ftir. Ki bu  \u062f\u0639\u064e\u0627 gibi sonunda elif olan fiil-i maz\u00eelerde olur. b- veya m\u00fcnasebetten dolay\u0131 takdir edilmi\u015ftir. Ki bu \u0643\u062a\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0627  gibi sonunda cemi vav\u0131 olan fiil-i maz\u00eelerde olur. c- ya da d\u00f6rt hareke pe\u015fpe\u015fe gelmesin diye takdir edilmi\u015ftir. Bu da \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064f\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0652\u062a\u0650\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e fiillerinde oldu\u011fu gibi sonunda harekeli raf zamiri olanlarda olur. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi buralarda d\u00f6rt harekeli harf yanyana gelmemesi i\u00e7in son harfler (\u0628) zahiren sakin olmu\u015f, ama takdiren fetha alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EM\u0130R F\u0130\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N \u0130RABI:<\/strong>
Emir kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n irab\u0131, t\u00fcretildikleri fiil-i muzar\u00eeye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. E\u011fer muzar\u00ee sonunda illet harfi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fck\u00fbn \u00fczere mebni olmu\u015fsa, emir fiili de s\u00fck\u00fbn \u00fczere mebni olur; \u0627\u064f\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0652 fiilinde oldu\u011fu gibi. E\u011fer muzar\u00eenin sonu illetli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in cezm hali illet harfinin d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle oluyorsa, emir fiili de illet harfinin d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle cezm \u00fczere mebni olur; \u0627\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064f misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Yok, e\u011fer muzar\u00ee efal-i hamseden oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in nun\u2019u hazfedilerek cezm oluyorsa, emir kal\u0131b\u0131 da nun\u2019un ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde hazfiyle mebni olur; \u0627\u0643\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0627, \u0627\u0643\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0627, \u0627\u0643\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0650\u064a misallerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MUZAR\u00ce F\u0130\u0130L\u0130N \u0130RABI:<\/strong>
Sonuna tekid veya \u00e7o\u011ful kad\u0131nlar nun\u2019u biti\u015fmedi\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e fiil-i muzar\u00ee mebni de\u011fil, mureptir. E\u011fer tekid nununa biti\u015firse fetha \u00fczere mebni olur; \u0644\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651  misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi. E\u011fer \u00e7o\u011ful kad\u0131nlar nun\u2019u biti\u015firse s\u00fck\u00fbn \u00fczere mebni olur; \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064f \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0636\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0651 kullan\u0131m\u0131 buna \u00f6rnektir. Bu iki durum d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fer fiil-i muzar\u00eenin ba\u015f\u0131na herhangi nasbedici veya cezmedici bir edat gelmezse raf ile mureb olur; \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645\u064f \u00f6rne\u011findeki gibi. E\u011fer ba\u015f\u0131na nasbedici gelirse muzar\u00ee de nasb olur; \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u062e\u064a\u0628\u064e \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi. E\u011fer ba\u015f\u0131na cezmedici gelirse, muzar\u00ee de cezm olur; \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0652\u0632\u064e\u0639\u0652 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645  misalindeki gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u0130\u0130L-\u0130 MUZAR\u00ceY\u0130 NASBEDENLER:<\/strong>
Kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na nasbedenler:<\/strong>
\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 : Kendisinden sonra nasbetti\u011fi muzar\u00ee fiili masdar manas\u0131na sokar: \u0623\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0639\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0644\u0650\u064a (Beni affetmesini istiyorum) misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi.
\u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 : Nasbetti\u011fi muzar\u00eede olumsuzluk anlam\u0131 bildirir: \u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0651 (\u0130yili\u011fe ula\u015famazs\u0131n\u0131z) c\u00fcmlesi buna \u00f6rnektir. Misalde fiil-i muzar\u00eenin nasboldu\u011funu, efal-i hamseden olmas\u0131 sebebiyle sonundaki nun\u2019un d\u00fc\u015fmesinden anl\u0131yoruz.  

\u0625\u0650\u0630\u064e\u0646\u0652 : Bir \u015farttan veya i\u015ften sonra sonu\u00e7  (ceza) bildirir. Fiil-i muzar\u00eeyi nasbedebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fart aran\u0131r: 1- \u0625\u0630\u0646 edat\u0131, sonu\u00e7 c\u00fcmlesinin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunacak. 2- Kendisinden sonra gelen muzar\u00ee gelecek zaman\u0131 anlatacak. 3- Olumsuzluk bildiren \u0644\u0627, nida (\u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma ifadesi) ve yemin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda muzar\u00eesiyle kendisi aras\u0131na ba\u015fka bir \u015fey girmeyecek. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fart\u0131 haiz c\u00fcmleye bir \u00f6rnek: \u0633\u0623\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a (Bundan b\u00f6yle derslerime \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m) diyen birine \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u064e\u062d\u0652 (O zaman ba\u015far\u0131rs\u0131n) diye yan\u0131t verilmesidir.

\u0643\u064e\u064a\u0652 : Kendisinden sonra gelen muzar\u00ee fiili masdar manas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Tabi tek ba\u015f\u0131na nasbedilmesi i\u00e7in ya lafzi ya da takdiri bi\u00e7imde kendinden \u00f6nce sebep bildiren lam harfinin gelmesi gerekir. \u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0627 (\u00dcz\u00fclmemeniz i\u00e7in) misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi. E\u011fer kendinden \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde lam gelmezse bu durumda fiil-i muzar\u00eeyi gizli \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 nasbeder. \u0643\u064e\u064a\u0652 ise sadece sebep bildirme i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr, nasbetmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiil-i muzar\u00eeyi, gizlenmesi mecburi olmayan <\/strong>\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/strong> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla nasbedenler:<\/strong>
Sebep bildiren lam harfi : \u0644\u0650\u064a\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f (Allah\u2019\u0131n seni affetmesi i\u00e7in) misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Burada \u064a\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u064e fiilini ba\u015f\u0131ndaki gizli \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 nasbetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiil-i muzar\u00eeyi gizlenmesi mecburi <\/strong>\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/strong> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla nasbedenler:<\/strong>
\u0130nkar ve olumsuzluk bildiren lam: Bunun kural\u0131, kendinden \u00f6nce \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 veya \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 fiillerinin ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0644\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0630\u0650\u0651\u0628\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 (Allah onlara azab edecek de\u011fildir) misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 : Sebep veya gaye bildirir. \u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0639\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e\u0649 (Ta ki Musa bize d\u00f6n\u00fcnceye kadar) c\u00fcmlesi buna \u00f6rnektir.

Sebebiyet bildiren \u0641\u0627\u0621 ve beraberlik bildiren \u0648\u0627\u0648 harfleridir: Bu vav ve fa\u2019da bir \u015fart aran\u0131r: Herbiri, bir iste\u011fin veya olumsuzlu\u011fun cevab\u0131 sadedinde kullan\u0131lacaklar. Mesela \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0649 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0641\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0627 (\u00d6l\u00fcmlerine h\u00fckmedilmez ki \u00f6ls\u00fcnler) c\u00fcmlesi olumsuzdan sonra gelen fa\u2019ya \u00f6rnektir. \u0130stek, yani talep ise emir-nehiy, dua, soru, te\u015fvik ve umut bildiren kal\u0131plar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 (Allah\u0131m, bana hidayet et ki, hay\u0131r yapabileyim) c\u00fcmlesi dua kal\u0131b\u0131ndan sonra gelen fa\u2019ya \u00f6rnektir. \u015earta uydu\u011fu i\u00e7in fa kendinden sonraki muzar\u00eeyi nasbetmi\u015ftir.
 
\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652 : Bu edat nasbedici olabilmesi i\u00e7in ya \u0625\u0644\u0627 manas\u0131nda olmal\u0131, yani istisna bildirmeli ya da \u0625\u0644\u0649 manas\u0131nda olmal\u0131, yani \u2026e kadar, \u2026a kadar anlam\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmelidir. Mesela \u0644\u0623\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064e (Kesinlikle k\u00e2firi \u00f6ld\u00fcrece\u011fim veya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olacak) c\u00fcmlesi \u0623\u0648 edat\u0131n\u0131n \u0625\u0644\u0627 gibi istisna bildirdi\u011fine \u00f6rnektir. B\u00f6ylelikle do\u011fru mana \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmas\u0131 durumu m\u00fcstesna k\u00e2firi kesinlikle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fcm\u201dd\u00fcr.  \u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u064e \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0649 (Kesinlikle zoru kolayla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m veya emelime ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131m) c\u00fcmlesi ise \u0623\u0648 edat\u0131n\u0131n \u0625\u0644\u0649 manas\u0131 ifade etti\u011fine \u00f6rnektir. O halde do\u011fru \u00e7eviri \u201cemelime ula\u015f\u0131ncaya kadar zoru kolayla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m\u201d \u015feklinde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u0130\u0130L-\u0130 MUZAR\u00ceY\u0130 CEZMEDENLER<\/strong>
Bir muzar\u00eeyi cezmedenler:<\/strong>
\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 : Olumsuzluk bildiren cezmedici harftir. \u0642\u064f\u0644\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627 (De ki, iman etmediniz) c\u00fcmlesinde fiil-i muzar\u00eenin sonundan cezm g\u00f6stergesi olarak nun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 : Bu harf de olumsuzluk ve kesinlik bildirme noktas\u0131nda \u0644\u0645 gibidir. \u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0630\u064f\u0648\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627\u0628 (Onlar daha azab\u0131 tatmad\u0131lar) c\u00fcmlesinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 : \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 Edat\u0131n\u0131n onay bildiren hemze eklenmi\u015f halidir. \u0623\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0635\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0643\u064e (Senin i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcn\u00fc geni\u015fletip ferahlatmad\u0131k m\u0131?) c\u00fcmlesi buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 : \u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 edat\u0131n\u0131n yine hemze alm\u0131\u015f halidir. \u0623\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 (Sana iyilikte bulunmad\u0131m m\u0131?) misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064f : Bu l harfi emir veya dua bildirir. \u0130lki \u00fcst mertebeden alta, di\u011feri alt mertebeden \u00fcst mertebedekine yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064f\u0644\u0652 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0652 (Ya hay\u0131r s\u00f6ylesin ya sussun) emir la\u2019s\u0131na, \u0644\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0636\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0631\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0651\u0643 (Rabbin h\u00fckm\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc versin) ise dua la\u2019s\u0131na \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0627\u064e : Sak\u0131nd\u0131rma (nehiy) ve dua bildirir. Aralar\u0131ndaki fark, nehiy \u00fcstten altta, dua a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 mertebedekinden \u00fcst mertebeliye yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0641\u0652 (Korkma) nehye, \u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u064e\u0627\u062e\u0650\u0630\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 (Rabbimiz, bizi sorumlu tutma) ise duaya misaldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki muzar\u00eeyi cezmedenler:<\/strong> Bu durumda ilk fiile \u015fart, ikincisine \u015fart\u0131n cevab\u0131 veya cezas\u0131 (sonucu) denir. Bu t\u00fcr cezmediciler d\u00f6rt k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harf oldu\u011funda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi sa\u011flananlar:<\/strong> Bu grupta sadece \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652 vard\u0131r. \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0652 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d\u0652  (E\u011fer dersi tekrar edersen ba\u015far\u0131rs\u0131n) buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130sim olduklar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi sa\u011flananlar:
<\/strong>Bunlar  \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0649\u060c \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064e\u060c \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0643\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 isimlerinden olu\u015fan dokuz \u015fart edat\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rnekleri \u015funlard\u0131r: \u0641\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0652 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0631\u0647\u0652 (Kim zerre kadar iyilik yaparsa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr.) \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064d \u064a\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0651 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 (Hayr olarak ne infak ederseniz, size kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilecektir.) \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649\u0670 (Allah\u2019\u0131n hangi ismiyle dua ederseniz edin, sonu\u00e7ta g\u00fczel isimler ona aittir.) \u0645\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0650\u062a\u0652 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0643 (Ne zaman dini vecibene y\u00f6nelirsen, o zaman Rabbinin r\u0131zas\u0131na eri\u015firsin.) : \u0623\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064e \u062a\u064e\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0643\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0643\u064e (Benimle nerede kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsan sana ikramda bulunurum.) \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0643\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062a\u064f (Nerede olursan\u0131z olun, \u00f6l\u00fcm size kavu\u015fur.) \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0647\u064e\u0628\u0652 \u062a\u062c\u0650\u062f\u0652 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621\u064e (Nereye gidersen dostlar bulursun.) \u0643\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 (Toplum nas\u0131l olursa, idareciler de \u00f6yle olur.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re harf olanlar:<\/strong> Bu grupta sadece \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0652 \u0645\u064e\u0627 vard\u0131r. \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0652 \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0643 (Baban geldi\u011finde ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131 ona haber verece\u011fim.) Burada \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0650 fiilinin cezm oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesi, sonundaki ya harfinin d\u00fc\u015fmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re isim olanlar:<\/strong> Bu grupta sadece \u0645\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627 yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0645\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0650\u0642\u0652 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0130yilik yolunda ne harcarsan, Allah onun yerine yenisi koyar.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RAF OLAN \u0130S\u0130MLER (MERFU\u00c2T)<\/strong>

FA\u0130L:<\/strong>
Kendisinden \u00f6nce fiili zikredilen ve raf edilen isimdir. Ba\u015fka ifadeyle fiili yapan \u00f6zne ismidir. Failin isim olu\u015fu ya a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ya da teville olur. \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0646\u064f\u0648\u062d\u064c (Nuh dedi) a\u00e7\u0131k\/sarih isme, \u0623\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0632\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 (Bizim indirmemiz onlara yetmedi mi?\/ Yetmedi mi onlara ki biz indirdik) misali ise tevilli\/m\u00fcevvel isme \u00f6rnektir. Son misalde as\u0131l failin \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 (\u0130ndirmemiz yetmedi mi onlara?) c\u00fcmlesindeki \u0625\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 sarih ismi oldu\u011funu varsay\u0131yoruz. As\u0131l misaldeki \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0632\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 c\u00fcmlesi, bu teville yani dolayl\u0131 \u015fekilde \u0625\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 ismine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f oluyor. Manay\u0131 zaten b\u00f6yle veriyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Failin t\u00fcrleri:<\/strong>
Zahir failler:<\/strong> Herhangi bir karineye ihtiya\u00e7 duymaks\u0131z\u0131n manas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden \u00f6znelerdir.\u062d\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0631\u064e \u062e\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062f\u064c  (Halid haz\u0131r bulundu) misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Bu t\u00fcr failler eril ya da di\u015fil (m\u00fczekker-m\u00fcennes) halde m\u00fcfret, tesniye veya cem-i salim ya da cem-i teksir olabilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zamir failler:<\/strong> Ancak birinci, ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tekil \u015fah\u0131s karinesiyle manas\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan \u00f6znelerdir. \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064f\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064e\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0652\u062a\u0650\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064e\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064e\u062a\u0652\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e misallerindeki on iki zamirdir. Fail zamirler misallerin \u00e7o\u011funda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu gibi gizli (takdiri) de olabilir. \u0636\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e (d\u00f6vd\u00fc) fiilin alt\u0131nda gizli \u0647\u0648 (o) zamiri ve\u062e\u064f\u0630\u0652  (al) emrinin alt\u0131ndaki \u0627\u0646\u062a (sen) zamiri takdiridir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

NA\u0130B-\u0130 FA\u0130L:<\/strong>
Failin zikredilmedi\u011fi c\u00fcmlede onun yerine ge\u00e7en mefuld\u00fcr. \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0635\u0646\u064e (Mahmut dal\u0131 kesti) \u00f6rne\u011finde \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0635\u0646\u064e mefulu, fail olan \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064c kelimesi hazfedildi\u011finde onun yerine ge\u00e7ip harekesi nasb iken raf oluyor: \u0642\u064f\u0637\u0650\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064f\u0635\u0652\u0646\u064f (Dal kesildi.) Bu durumda ba\u015ftaki fiil de malum iken harekesi de\u011fi\u015ferek me\u00e7hul kal\u0131ba giriyor ve fail yerine mefule isnat ediliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Naib-i fail de t\u0131pk\u0131 fail gibi zahir ve zamir olarak birinci, ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tekil \u015fah\u0131slara g\u00f6re on iki tanedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00dcBTEDA ve HABER:<\/strong>
Ba\u015f\u0131nda lafzi bir amil bulunmadan raf harekesi alan isimdir. Haber de m\u00fcbtedaya isnat edilen, ondan haber bildiren ve c\u00fcmlenin anlam\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayan raf isimdir. \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064c (Bekir \u00f6\u011frencidir) c\u00fcmlesinde \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064c m\u00fcbteda, \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064c ise onun haberidir.

* Haberin m\u00fcfretlik, tesniyelik, cemilik ve m\u00fczekkerlik-m\u00fcenneslik noktas\u0131nda m\u00fcbteda ile uyumlu olmas\u0131 gerekir: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 ,\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u0646 ,\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0648\u0646 \/ \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 ,\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

* M\u00fcbteda t\u0131pk\u0131 fail gibi zahir isim (\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646) veya zamir olabilir (\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629). Haber m\u00fcfred (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645) , c\u00fcmle (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647) ve c\u00fcmlemsi\/\u015fibh-i c\u00fcmle (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0635\u0646 ) olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00dcBTEDA ve HABER\u0130 \u0130PTAL EDENLER:<\/strong>
Birlikte tam bir c\u00fcmle olu\u015fturup raf harekesi alan m\u00fcbteda ve haberin ba\u015f\u0131na bazen \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr lafzi bir amil gelir ve irablar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bunlar \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r:

M\u00fcbteday\u0131 raf, haberi nasb edenler:<\/strong> Bunlar \u0643\u0627\u0646 fiili ve grubudur: (\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0649\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062d\u064e\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0636\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0649\u060c \u0638\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064e\u060c \u0635\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u060c \u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0633\u064e\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0632\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u062a\u0650\u064a\u0621\u064e\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0628\u064e\u0631\u0650\u062d\u064e\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e) Bunlar\u0131n maz\u00eeleri gibi muzar\u00ee kal\u0131plar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 i\u015fleve sahiptir: \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0648\u064f\u0651 \u0635\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u064a\u0627\u064b (Hava temiz oldu) \u0638\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b (y\u00fcz\u00fc simsiyah oldu). \u00d6rneklerdeki \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e ve \u0638\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651 fiilleri ba\u015f\u0131na geldikleri m\u00fcbteday\u0131 kendilerine isim al\u0131p raf etmi\u015fler, haberi de nasb etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcbteday\u0131 nasb, haberi raf edenler<\/strong>: Bunlar da \u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 ve grubudur: (\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0644\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0643\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064e\u060c \u0644\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651) \u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064c (Baban ger\u00e7ekten haz\u0131rd\u0131r),  \u0644\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064e \u064a\u0631\u062d\u0645\u064f\u0646\u064a (Umulur ki Allah bana merhamet eder), \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u064c \u0644\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0635\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0642\u064e\u0647\u064f \u062c\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f (Muhammed cesurdur, fakat arkada\u015f\u0131 korkakt\u0131r.) M\u00fcbteda ve habere art\u0131k inne\u2019nin veya ba\u015f\u0131nda grubun hangi harfi varsa onun ismi ve haberi denir. S\u00f6zkonusu amillerin hepsi harftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcbteda ve haberi nasb edenler:<\/strong> Bunlar \u0638\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f ve grubudur: (\u062d\u0633\u0628\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0650\u0644\u062a\u064f\u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645\u062a\u064f\u060c \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a\u064f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064f\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a\u064f\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a\u064f\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u064f\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a\u064f ) M\u00fcbteda ve haber, bu fiillerin iki meful\u00fc olarak nasb olur. Failler ise \u062a  (ben) zamirleridir: \u0638\u0646\u0646\u062a\u064f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b (Muhammed\u2019i arkada\u015f zannettim.) \u062d\u0633\u0628\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b (Mal\u0131n faydal\u0131 oldu\u011funu sand\u0131m.) \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a\u064f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623\u064f (Halil\u2019in okudu\u011funu duydum.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RAF \u0130SME TAB\u0130 OLANLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SIFAT-NA\u2019T:<\/strong>
Tabi oldu\u011fu marifeyi a\u00e7\u0131klayan veya nekreyi hususile\u015ftiren m\u00fc\u015ftak (t\u00fcremi\u015f) veya m\u00fc\u015ftak tevilinde bir isimdir. S\u0131fatlar mevsuflar\u0131na (vasf\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi\u011fi kelimelere) raf, nasb, cer ve marifelik, nekrelik gibi hususlarda uyarlar. \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b (Ak\u0131ll\u0131 adam g\u00f6rd\u00fcm) \u00f6rne\u011finde \u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b kelimesi \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b ismini, mesela ak\u0131ll\u0131 olmayanlardan ay\u0131rarak (nekreyi tahsis ederek) onu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131fat\u0131d\u0131r ve m\u00fcfretlik, m\u00fczekkerlik ve irab gibi bir\u00e7ok noktada ona uymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hakik\u00ee s\u0131fat:<\/strong> Mevsufa d\u00f6nen gizli (m\u00fcstetir) zamiri raf eden s\u0131fatlard\u0131r. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064f  (Ak\u0131ll\u0131 Muhammed geldi) misalinde \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064f s\u0131fat\u0131 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c mevsufuna d\u00f6nen gizli \u0647\u0648 zamirini mahallen raf etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sebeb\u00ee s\u0131fat:<\/strong> Mevsufa d\u00f6nen bir zamire biti\u015fik a\u00e7\u0131k ismi raf eden s\u0131fatlard\u0131r. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064f \u0623\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0647 (Babas\u0131 de\u011ferli olan Muhammed geldi) dedi\u011fimizde \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064f s\u0131fat\u0131 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c kelimesine d\u00f6nen \u0647 zamirine biti\u015fik \u0623\u0628\u0648 kelimesini raf etmi\u015ftir. Raf alameti be\u015f isimden (esma-i hamse) oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in vav\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Sebeb\u00ee s\u0131fatlarda s\u0131fat\u0131n mevsufa (vas\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na) sadece marifelik-nekrelik ve raf-nasb-cer hususlar\u0131nda uymas\u0131 gerekiyorken, hakik\u00ee s\u0131fatlarda bu noktalara ek olarak s\u0131fat\u0131n m\u00fczekkerlik-m\u00fcenneslik ve m\u00fcfretlik-tesniyelik-cemilik hususlar\u0131nda da mevsufuna uymas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

ATIF:<\/strong>
Atf-\u0131 beyan:<\/strong> Tabi oldu\u011fu kelime marife ise onu a\u00e7\u0131klayan, nekre ise onu tahsis eden \u00e7ekimsiz\/camid kelimelerdir. S\u0131fattan fark\u0131, onun t\u00fcremi\u015f\/\u00e7ekimli\/m\u00fc\u015ftak olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u062c\u0627\u0621\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0643 (Baban Muhammet bana geldi) c\u00fcmlesinde \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0643 atf-\u0131 beyan\u0131 marife olan \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f kelimesini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f, \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0635\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064d (\u0130rinli sudan) misalinde ise \u0635\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064d atf-\u0131 beyan\u0131 nekre olan \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064d kelimesini hususile\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atf-\u0131 nesk:<\/strong> Tabi oldu\u011fu kelimeyle aras\u0131na on harften biri giren at\u0131f t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. On at\u0131f harfi \u0648\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0623\u0648\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0625\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652\u060c \u0644\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652\u060c  ve baz\u0131 yerlerde \u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 harfleridir. Bunlardan sonra gelen kelimeye matuf (atfedilen), \u00f6ncekine matufun aleyh (kendisine at\u0131f yap\u0131lan) denir ve irabta matuf matufun aleyhe daima uyum sa\u011flar. Matufun aleyhe g\u00f6re matuf kelime raf, nasb, cer veya cezm olur.
\u0648\u0627\u0648 : Genel anlamda beraberlik bildirir. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064c (Muhammet ve Ali geldi). \u00d6rnekte \u0648 at\u0131f harfi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Ali\u2019nin Muhammed ile beraber geldi\u011fi, gelme eyleminde onunla birlikte oldu\u011fu anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u0641\u0627\u0621 : Tertip ve pe\u015fis\u0131ral\u0131k bildirir. \u0642\u062f\u0650\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629\u064f (Atl\u0131lar ve hemen pe\u015flerine yayalar geldi.) Burada \u0641 at\u0131f harfi yayl\u0131lar\u0131n atl\u0131lardan hemen sonra geldi\u011fini bildirmektedir. \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629\u064f kelimesi matuf, \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 kelimesi matufun aleyhtir.
\u062b\u0645\u064e\u0651 : Tertip ve gecikmeli s\u0131ra bildirir. \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u064e\u0651 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 (Allah Musa\u2019y\u0131, daha sonra \u0130sa\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6nderdi.) Burada Musa ile \u0130sa aras\u0131nda belli zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u0641 de\u011fil de \u062b\u0645\u064e\u0651  at\u0131f harfi getirilmi\u015ftir.
\u0623\u0648\u0652 : \u0130ki se\u00e7enek aras\u0131ndaki tercih durumunu bildirir. \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064e \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064e (F\u0131k\u0131h veya nahiv \u00f6\u011fren.)
\u0623\u0645\u0652 : \u201cYoksa\u201d anlam\u0131yla soru hemzesinden sonra se\u00e7im \u015f\u0131kk\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064e \u0623\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064e\u061f (F\u0131k\u0131h m\u0131 yoksa nahiv mi \u00f6\u011frendin?)
\u0625\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 : t\u0131pk\u0131 \u0623\u0648\u0652 gibi se\u00e7enek durumunu bildirir. C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde tekrar edilmesi gerekir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ya da, ya, veya anlam\u0131 bildirir. \u0641\u064e\u0634\u064f\u062f\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0627\u0642\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064b (Onlar\u0131 esir al\u0131n; sava\u015f sona erince onlar\u0131 ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z, ya da fidye ile sal\u0131verin.)
\u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652 : T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki \u201cbilakis, aksine\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kendinden \u00f6nceki kelimelerin manas\u0131n\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirir. \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064e\u0643\u0631\u064c \u201cMuhammed gelmedi, aksine Bekir geldi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* At\u0131f harfi olabilmesi i\u00e7in iki \u015fart aran\u0131r: 1- Matufun aleyhi c\u00fcmle de\u011fil, m\u00fcfred olacak. 2- Kendinden \u00f6nce soru edat\u0131 ge\u00e7meyecek.
\u0644\u0627 : Bir olumsuzluk edat\u0131 olarak kendinden \u00f6nce verilen h\u00fckm\u00fcn kendisinden sonraki kelime i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064c \u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064c \u201cBekir geldi, Halit de\u011fil\u201d \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi.
\u0644\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652 :  T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki \u201clakin, ne var ki, fakat\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla \u00f6nceki h\u00fckm\u00fcn z\u0131tt\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0628\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646 \u201cTembelleri sevmem; fakat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanlar\u0131 severim.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* At\u0131f olabilmesi i\u00e7in kendisinden \u00f6nce nefy\/olumsuzluk veya nehy\/sak\u0131nd\u0131rma ifadesi ge\u00e7mesi ve yine kendisinden \u00f6nce vav bulunmamas\u0131 gerekir.
\u062d\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 : T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki \u201chatta\u201d gibi a\u015famal\u0131 gaye bildirir. \u064a\u064e\u0645\u0648\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064f \u062d\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621\u064f \u201c\u0130nsanlar, hatta peygamberler bile \u00f6l\u00fcr.\u201d \u062d\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 her zaman at\u0131f harfi olmaz. Bazen (kendisinden sonra c\u00fcmle geldi\u011finde) ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7\/ibtida bildirir, bazen cer edici harf olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TEK\u0130D:<\/strong> <\/strong>
<\/strong>Tahmin edilece\u011fi \u00fczere c\u00fcmlede vurgu ve peki\u015ftirme yapmakt\u0131r. Peki\u015ftiren kelimeye tekid, peki\u015ftirilen kelimeye m\u00fcekked denir. Tekid raf, nasb, cer ve marifelik noktas\u0131nda m\u00fcekkede uymak zorundad\u0131r. \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u201cAdamlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc haz\u0131r bulundu\u201d \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi. \u0130ki t\u00fcrl\u00fc tekid vard\u0131r.
Tekid-i lafz\u00ee:<\/strong> Bir kelimenin ayn\u0131s\u0131 veya e\u015fanlaml\u0131s\u0131yla yap\u0131lan peki\u015ftirmelerdir. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u201cMuhammed Muhammed geldi\u201d gibi.
Tekid-i manev\u00ee:<\/strong> Yan\u0131lg\u0131 veya yakla\u015f\u0131k ifade ihtimalini ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064f\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064f\u0651\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064f (bizzat, ta kendisi, hepsi, t\u00fcm\u00fc) gibi ifadelerle yap\u0131lan tekitlerdir. Mesela birisi \u062c\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064f \u201cBa\u015fkan geldi\u201d dedi\u011finde yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi veya ger\u00e7ekte ba\u015fkan\u0131n adamlar\u0131 geldi\u011fi halde ba\u015fkan gelmi\u015f say\u0131p b\u00f6yle s\u00f6ylemesi ihtimali vard\u0131r. Ama \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064f\u0647\u064f \u201cba\u015fkan\u0131n bizzat kendisi geldi\u201d dedi\u011finde, bu ihtimaller ortadan kalkar ve ger\u00e7ekten ba\u015fkan\u0131n geldi\u011fini anlar\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BEDEL:
<\/strong>Arada herhangi bir edat olmaks\u0131z\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn konusu olan tabidir. M\u00fcbdel-i minh denen metb\u00fbuna irab noktas\u0131nda uyum sa\u011flamak zorundad\u0131r. \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064e \u0623\u062e\u0627\u064e\u0643 \u201cKarde\u015fin \u0130brahim ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m\u201d \u00f6rne\u011finde \u0130brahim ve muhatab\u0131n karde\u015fi ayn\u0131 ki\u015fidir. Burada bedel olan \u0623\u062e\u0627\u0643 kelimesi m\u00fcbdeli minhi olan \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064e  kelimesine uymu\u015f ve elif\u2019le nasb irab\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede bunu e\u015fittir, iki nokta veya noktal\u0131 virg\u00fcl i\u015faretleriyle kar\u015f\u0131lama imk\u00e2n\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bedel-i k\u00fcl mine\u2019l-k\u00fcl<\/strong>\/ B\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcnden bedeli: Bedelin m\u00fcbdel-i minhin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ve ayn\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumlara denir. \u0632\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064c \u0639\u0645\u064f\u0651\u0643\u064e \u201cAmcan Muhammed beni ziyaret etti.\u201d (Tam \u00e7eviriyle \u201cMuhammed; amcan beni ziyaret etti.\u201d)

Bedel-i ba\u2019z mine\u2019l-k\u00fcl<\/strong>\/ Par\u00e7an\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnden bedeli:  Bedelin m\u00fcbdeli minhin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu t\u00fcrlerdir. Bu par\u00e7a \u00e7o\u011fu, az\u0131 veya yar\u0131s\u0131 olabilir. \u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064e \u062b\u064f\u0644\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0647 \u201cKuran\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birini ezberledim.\u201d (Tam \u00e7eviriyle \u201cKuran\u2019\u0131; onun \u00fc\u00e7te birini ezberledim.) Misalden anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bu t\u00fcr bedellerin m\u00fcbdeli minhe d\u00f6nen bir zamire muzaf olmas\u0131 zorunludur.

Bedel-i i\u015ftimal:<\/strong> Bedelle m\u00fcbdeli minh aras\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn ve par\u00e7a d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir ili\u015fkinin oldu\u011fu durumlar. Bu t\u00fcr bedellerin de m\u00fcbdeli minhe d\u00f6nen bir zamire muzaf olmalar\u0131 gerekir: \u0646\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064f \u062d\u064f\u0633\u0646\u064f \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u201cBana hocan\u0131n g\u00fczel ahlak\u0131 fayda sa\u011flad\u0131.\u201d (Tam \u00e7eviriyle \u201cbana hoca; onun g\u00fczel ahlak\u0131 fayda sa\u011flad\u0131.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bedel-i \u011falat:<\/strong> Ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla yap\u0131lan bedellerdir. \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u201cinsan g\u00f6rd\u00fcm\u201d dedikten sonra yanl\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 farkedip \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064b \u201cat (g\u00f6rd\u00fcm)\u201d demek gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NASB OLAN \u0130S\u0130MLER (MENS\u00dbB\u00c2T)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

MEF\u2019\u00dbL-\u0130 B\u0130H:<\/strong>
K\u0131saca fiil c\u00fcmlesindeki nesne olan Mef\u2019\u00fbl-i bih, failin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f (fiil) kendisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen isimlere denir. Mesela \u0641\u0647\u0645\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064e \u201cdersi anlad\u0131m\u201d dedi\u011fimizde anlayan (fail) ben (\u062a), anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m (mef\u2019\u00fbl-i bih) ise derstir (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064e) ve bu nedenle nasb harekesini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.

Zahir mef\u2019\u00fbl-i bih:<\/strong> Birinci, ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi karinesine (zamir) ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan kendi manas\u0131n\u0131 anlatan normal mef\u2019\u00fbl-i bihlerdir. \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0641\u064f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u064b  \u201c\u0130smail \u00e7i\u00e7ek toplad\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zamir mef\u2019\u00fbl-i bih:<\/strong> \u201cBana,\u201d \u201conu,\u201d \u201co erke\u011fi,\u201d \u201cbize\u201d gibi ki\u015filerin, adlar\u0131n yerine kullan\u0131lan ad\u0131l (zamir) mef\u2019\u00fbl-i bihlerdir. Bunlar\u0131n ilk k\u0131sm\u0131 muttas\u0131l (biti\u015fik) mef\u2019ul zamirleri olarak on iki tanedir: \u0636\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0646\u0650\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064e\u0643\u064e\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064e\u0643\u0650\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0643\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0643\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064e\u0647\u064f\u060c \u0636\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0651. \u0130kinci k\u0131sm\u0131 ise munfas\u0131l (ayr\u0131) mef\u2019ul zamirlerdir. Bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da on ikidir: \u0625\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u064a\u064e\u060c \u0625\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0643\u064e\u060c \u0625\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0643\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0643\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u064f\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0651.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MASDAR \/ MEF\u2019\u00dbL-\u0130 MUTLAK:<\/strong>
C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde haber olmayan ve amilini teyit, onun t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc veya say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan masdar mef\u2019ullerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fini t\u00fcrleri \u00fczerinden g\u00f6relim. Mef\u2019\u00fbl-i mutlaklar bir ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131dan, \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan lafz\u00ee ve manev\u00ee diye iki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131r: \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a\u064f \u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u201cgitmekle gittim\/ ger\u00e7ekten gittim\u201d \u00f6rne\u011findeki gibi harfleri ve s\u00f6zc\u00fck kal\u0131b\u0131 amiliyle ayn\u0131 olanlar lafz\u00ee, \u062c\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064f \u0642\u064f\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u201coturmakla oturdum\/ ger\u00e7ekten oturdum\u201d \u00f6rne\u011findeki gibi harfleri de\u011fil de manas\u0131 amiline uyan, yani e\u015f anlaml\u0131 mef\u2019\u00fbl-i mutlaklar manev\u00ee k\u0131sm\u0131na girerler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Mef\u2019\u00fbl-i mutlak\u0131n tarifindeki \u201chaber olmayan\u201d kayd\u0131 c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde m\u00fcbtedaya haber d\u00fc\u015fen masdarlar\u0131 mef\u2019\u00fbl-i mutlak tan\u0131m\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in konulmu\u015ftur. \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064f\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064c \u201cSenin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n ince bir anlay\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d \u00f6rne\u011finde \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064c (anlay\u0131\u015f, anlamak) masdar\u0131 haber oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in mef\u2019\u00fbl-i mutlak de\u011fildir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amilini teyit edenler:<\/strong> \u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064e \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u201cdersi ger\u00e7ekten ezberledim\u201d dedi\u011fimizde \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b masdar\u0131, ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle mef\u2019\u00fbl-i mutlak\u0131 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u064f amilini teyit i\u00e7in gelmi\u015f ve ger\u00e7ekten, kesinlikle gibi peki\u015ftirici anlamlar katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amilinin t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bildirenler:<\/strong> \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0628\u062a\u064f \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0650\u064a \u062d\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0623\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0647\u064f \u201chocam\u0131, \u00e7ocu\u011fun babas\u0131n\u0131 sevmesi gibi sevdim\u201d \u00f6rne\u011finde \u062d\u0628 (sevmek) mef\u2019\u00fbl-i mutlak\u0131 \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0628\u062a (sevdim) amilinin t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, sevmenin \u00e7e\u015fidini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amilinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bildirenler:<\/strong> \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0650 \u201cTembellere iki defa vurdum\u201d misalinde \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0650 (iki vuru\u015f) masdar\u0131 amil olan \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064f (vurdum) fiilinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZARF-I ZAMAN ve ZARF-I MEKAN\/ MEF\u2019\u00dbL-\u0130 F\u00ceH:<\/strong>
Zaman veya mekan bildiren mef\u2019ullerdir. F\u00eeh denmesi, ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201cde\u201d, \u201cda\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u0641\u0650\u0649 harfi varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndand\u0131r. \u0635\u0645\u062a\u064f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650 \u201cpazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc (g\u00fcn\u00fcnde) oru\u00e7 tuttum\u201d c\u00fcmlesi zaman zarf\u0131na, \u0645\u0634\u0649\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0650 \u201cpolis, ba\u015fkan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u201d c\u00fcmlesi mekan zarf\u0131na misaldir. Arap\u00e7ada zaman zarflar\u0131 olarak \u201cg\u00fcn\u201d, \u201csabah\u201d, \u201cbir s\u00fcre\u201d, \u201cseher vakti\u201d, \u201cgecenin ilk \u00fc\u00e7te biri\u201d gibi farkl\u0131 zaman dilimlerini anlatan belli ba\u015fl\u0131 kal\u0131plar bulunur: \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u063a\u062f\u0648\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0633\u062d\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u063a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0639\u062a\u0645\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b Mek\u00e2n zarflar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 ise \u201c\u00f6n\u00fcnde\u201d, \u201calt\u0131nda\u201d, \u201cyan\u0131nda\u201d, \u201c\u00f6tesinde\u201d gibi farkl\u0131 mek\u00e2n b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini bildiren kal\u0131plard\u0131r: \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064e\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064e\u060c \u0642\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0645\u064e\u060c \u064e\u0648\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064e\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0642\u064e\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064e\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u064e\u060c \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064e\u060c \u062d\u0650\u0630\u0627\u0621\u064e\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\u064e\u060c \u062b\u0645\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0130ki t\u00fcrden zarflar mef\u2019\u00fbl-i f\u00eeh olarak nasb olurlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MEF\u2019\u00dbL-\u0130 LEH:<\/strong>
Fiilin sebebini a\u00e7\u0131klayan mef\u2019ullerdir. Masdar olmas\u0131, fiziksel organlarla yap\u0131lamayan kalb\u00ee mahiyet ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 (bu y\u00fczden mesela \u201cvurmak\u201d masdar\u0131 olmaz), kendinden \u00f6ncesine sebeplik te\u015fkil etmesi ve amiliyle zaman birli\u011fi sa\u011flamas\u0131 gibi d\u00f6rt \u015fart aran\u0131r mef\u2019\u00fbl-i leh olacak isimde. \u0642\u0645\u062a\u064f \u0625\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0650 \u201chocaya sayg\u0131dan sebep aya\u011fa kalkt\u0131m\u201d \u00f6rne\u011findeki  \u0625\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b kelimesi say\u0131lan \u015fartlara haiz oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in mef\u2019\u00fbl-i leh olarak \u0642\u0645\u062a\u064f fiili taraf\u0131ndan nasbedilmi\u015ftir. Bu k\u0131sma \u201cleh\u201d, yani lam\u2019l\u0131 mef\u2019ul denmesi, ba\u015f\u0131nda sebep bildiren -kimi zaman a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan- lam harf-i ceri varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndand\u0131r. Manas\u0131ndaki nedensellik bu harften kaynaklan\u0131r ve tabi ba\u015f\u0131nda lam bulundu\u011fu durumlarda zorunlu olarak nasb de\u011fil, cer harekesini al\u0131r: \u0632\u0631\u062a\u064f\u0643\u064e \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u0650\u0643\u064e \u201cEdebinden ho\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in seni ziyaret ettim.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MEF\u2019\u00dbL-\u0130 MAAH:<\/strong>
Beraberlik (maiyyet) bildiren \u0648 harfinden sonra gelip fiilin kiminle birlikte i\u015flendi\u011fini anlatan mef\u2019ul t\u00fcrleridir. \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064e \u201cDa\u011f boyunca y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcm\u201d \u00f6rne\u011finde \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 (da\u011f) kelimesi \u00f6ndeki \u0648 harfinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 beraberlik anlam\u0131 sayesinde y\u00fcr\u00fcmek fiiline  \u0623\u0646\u0627failiyle beraber ortak olmu\u015ftur. \u201cBeraberlik\u201d, \u201cbirliktelik\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cmaah\u201d ekini almas\u0131 bu noktaya d\u00f6n\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Mef\u2019\u00fbl-i maahlar di\u011fer mef\u2019ul t\u00fcrleri gibi yayg\u0131n ve net iraba sahip de\u011fillerdir. Nasb harekesi al\u0131p almayacaklar\u0131 iki duruma g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterir. Buna g\u00f6re, vav\u2019dan sonra gelen isim, e\u011fer \u00f6ncesindekiyle h\u00fck\u00fcm noktas\u0131nda ortak olamazsa mef\u2019\u00fbl-i maah olarak nasb irab\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Mesela \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064e \u201cda\u011f boyunca y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcm\u201d c\u00fcmlesinde vav\u2019dan sonra gelen \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 (da\u011f) kelimesinin \u00f6nceki \u0623\u0646\u0627  (ben) kelimesiyle ortak olmas\u0131, yani benimle birlikte da\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde mef\u2019\u00fbl-i maah olarak nasb olmak zorundad\u0131r. Ba\u015f\u0131ndaki vav at\u0131f de\u011fil, beraberlik bildirir. Ama mesela \u062c\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064f \u201ckomutan ve askerler geldi\u201d c\u00fcmlesinde vav\u2019dan sonraki \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 (asker-ordu) kelimesinin \u00f6nceki \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064f (komutan) kelimesine gelme i\u015finde ortak olmas\u0131, yani komutan gibi ordunun da gelebilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in iki iraba da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: Mef\u2019\u00fbl-i maah olarak nasb olabilir veya matuf olarak raf olabilir. Son \u015f\u0131kta vav at\u0131f harfi demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HAL:<\/strong>
C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde failin, mef\u2019ul\u00fcn, haberin veya muzafun ileyhin \u00f6zelli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan isimlerdir. \u0631\u0643\u0628\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u064e \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u201cE\u011ferli ata bindim \/ Ata e\u011fer vuruldu\u011fu halde bindim\u201d dedi\u011fimizde \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062c\u0627 (e\u011ferli\/ e\u011fer vurulmu\u015f) kelimesi, mef\u2019ul olan \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u064e (at) kelimesinin niteli\u011fini beyan etti\u011fi i\u00e7in haldir ve nasb irab\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halin durumu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kelimeye zilhal (hal sahibi) denir. Halde aslolan nekre olmas\u0131 ve c\u00fcmle fiil-failiyle veya m\u00fcbteda-haberiyle tamamland\u0131ktan sonra gelmesidir. Lakin soru ismi olmas\u0131 gibi nadir durumlarda halin c\u00fcmlenin ba\u015f\u0131na gelmesi zorunludur: \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064e \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0650\u0645\u064e \u0639\u0644\u064a\u064c \u201cAli nas\u0131l geldi?\u201d misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Burada \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064e soru ismi, \u0639\u0644\u064a kelimesinin (zilhal) hali olarak konumsal \u015fekilde (mahallen) nasb irab\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lafz\u0131 fetha \u00fczere mebnidir. Yine nadir bir iki durum d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda zilhalin marife olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TEMY\u0130Z:<\/strong>
M\u00fcfredlerde veya c\u00fcmlelerdeki kapal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gideren isimlerdir. Halin sahibine zilhal dendi\u011fi gibi temyizin a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 isme de ism-i m\u00fcbhemi tam (tam kapal\u0131 isim) denir. M\u00fcfret ism-i m\u00fcbhemi tamlar say\u0131 veya alan, tart\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimi olurlar. \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0650\u0651\u064a \u0631\u064e\u0623\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u064e\u062d\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0643\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0628\u0627\u064b \u201con bir y\u0131ld\u0131z g\u00f6rd\u00fcm\u201d c\u00fcmlesi say\u0131 olan ism-i m\u00fcbhemi tama \u00f6rnektir. \u201cOn bir g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.\u201d \u015feklinde c\u00fcmlenin temyize kadarki k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere kapal\u0131d\u0131r. Neyin on bir tane oldu\u011fu bilinmemektedir. \u0643\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0628\u0627\u064b (Y\u0131ld\u0131z) temyizi bu kapal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (m\u00fcbhemli\u011fi) gidererek on bir tane \u015feyin y\u0131ld\u0131z oldu\u011funu bildirmektedir. C\u00fcmleden ya da nispetten kapal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131ran temyize ise \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0631\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0643\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u201cben senden mal bak\u0131m\u0131ndan\/malca daha fazlay\u0131m\u201d \u00f6rne\u011fini verebiliriz. Burada \u201cben senden fazlay\u0131m\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131nda evlat ve soy bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fazlal\u0131k, bilgi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fazlal\u0131k, fiziksel g\u00fc\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fazlal\u0131k gibi bir\u00e7ok ihtimal ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir kapal\u0131l\u0131k varken \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0627 (mal bak\u0131m\u0131ndan) temyiziyle b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ihtimaller kalkm\u0131\u015f, fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131n mal y\u00f6n\u00fcnden oldu\u011fu vurgulanarak anlam a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00dcSTESNA:<\/strong>
\u0625\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 ve grubundan bir edatla kendinden \u00f6nceki c\u00fcmlenin h\u00fckm\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kan isimdir. \u0646\u062c\u062d\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u201cAmir d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki talebeler ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u201d c\u00fcmlesinde istisna edat\u0131 \u0625\u0644\u0627 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b ismi kendinden \u00f6nceki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 talebeler grubundan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amir m\u00fcstesna,\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u064f  (talebeler) ise m\u00fcstesna minh (kendisinden istisna edilen)dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcstesnan\u0131n irab\u0131:
<\/strong>\u0625\u0644\u0627<\/strong>\u2019dan sonra gelen m\u00fcstesna;<\/strong>
1- E\u011fer c\u00fcmle tam ve olumlu ise zorunlu olarak nasb al\u0131r. \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u201cAmr d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda insanlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u201d gibi.
2- Yok, e\u011fer c\u00fcmle tam ve olumsuz ise, bedel de olabilir (bu durumda m\u00fcbdel-i minhinin irab\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r); m\u00fcstesna olarak nasb da alabilir. \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \/ \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064c \u201cBekir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda topluluktan kimse kalkmad\u0131.\u201d
3-  E\u011fer c\u00fcmle tam de\u011filse, yani m\u00fcstesna minh zikredilmemi\u015fse, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak c\u00fcmle olumsuz demektir. Bu durumda \u0625\u0644\u0627\u2019dan \u00f6nceki amil raf, nasb veya cerden neyi gerektiriyorsa m\u00fcstesna o irab\u0131 al\u0131r: \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u064c fail olarak raf irab\u0131na, \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b mef\u2019ul olarak nasb irab\u0131na,\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0631\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064d  cer irab\u0131na \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064f<\/strong> ve grubundan sonra gelen m\u00fcstesna:<\/strong>
\u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064f ve \u0633\u0650\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0633\u064f\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0633\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 istisna edatlar\u0131ndan sonra gelen m\u00fcstesna muzafun ileyh olarak daima cerdir. Bu edatlar\u0131n irab\u0131 ise, bir \u00f6nceki ba\u015fl\u0131kta anlat\u0131lan illa\u2019dan sonraki m\u00fcstesnan\u0131n durumu gibidir. \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064f \u063a\u064a\u0631\u064e \u0632\u064a\u062f\u064d c\u00fcmlesi kelam tam ve olumlu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in nasb alan istisna edat\u0131na, \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064f\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064c \u063a\u064a\u0631\u064f\/\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0650 c\u00fcmlesi tam ve olumsuz kelamda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bedel olarak raf da alabilecek ya da istisna olarak nasb da alabilecek istisna edat\u0131na; \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0635\u0650\u0644\u0652 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0650 ise tam c\u00fcmle olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015f\u0131ndaki amilin iste\u011fine g\u00f6re cer alan istisna edat\u0131na \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627<\/strong> ve grubundan sonra gelen m\u00fcstesna:<\/strong>
\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0627\u064e\u060c \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064e\u0627\u0634\u064e\u0627 istisna edatlar\u0131ndan sonra gelen isim, bunlar\u0131 harf-i cer kabul edersek cer al\u0131r, fiil kabul edersek mef\u2019ul olarak nasb al\u0131r. \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064d\/ \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064f \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b c\u00fcmlesi di\u011fer ikisine de uyarlanabilecek bir \u00f6rnektir. Burada \u0639\u062f\u0627 kelimesini fiil kabul edersek \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b kelimesini mef\u2019ul olarak nasb eder; yok eder harf-i cer kabul edersek \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064d kelimesini cer eder.
Tabii bu durum, kendilerinden \u00f6nce masdar anlam\u0131 bildiren \u0645\u0627 gelmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrecedir. Aksi halde s\u00f6zkonusu \u0645\u0627 sadece fiillerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelece\u011finden m\u00fcstesnan\u0131n mef\u2019ul olarak nasb almas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r: \u0642\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064f \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0627<\/strong>\u2019NIN \u0130SM\u0130:<\/strong>
K\u00f6kten olumsuzluk bildiren (cinsini nefyeden) \u0644\u0627\u064e, inne gibi i\u015fleve sahiptir. Lafz\u00ee veya mahall\u00ee olarak ismini nasb eder, haberini raf eder. \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u201cevde hi\u00e7 adam yoktur\u201d c\u00fcmlesinde \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064e  kelimesi l\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n ismi olarak nasb harekesini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0650  haberi ise lafzen cer, mahallen raft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* L\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n bu i\u015fleve sahip olabilmesi i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u015fart aran\u0131r: 1- \u0130smi nekre olmal\u0131d\u0131r. 2- Haberi nekre olmal\u0131d\u0131r. 3- Haberiyle bile olsa ismi ile l\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n aras\u0131 ayr\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. 3- L\u00e2 c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde tekrarlanmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00dcN\u00c2D\u00c2:<\/strong>
\u064a\u064e\u0627, \u0623, \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0652, \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0627 ve \u0647\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0627 nida (\u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma) edatlar\u0131ndan biriyle \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan, konu\u015fana y\u00f6nelmesi istenendir.\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0650 \u201cEy hayr\u0131 seven!\u201d c\u00fcmlesinde \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0627\u064b (seven) m\u00fcn\u00e2d\u00e2 olarak nasbt\u0131r. Ba\u015ftaki \u064a\u0627 ise nid\u00e2 edat\u0131d\u0131r. Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iraba g\u00f6re m\u00fcn\u00e2d\u00e2lar be\u015f t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr.
1- M\u00fcfred \u00f6zel isim (alem)ler: \u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629\u064f \u201cey Fat\u0131ma!\u201d gibi. Bu k\u0131s\u0131m m\u00fcn\u00e2d\u00e2lar, daima zamme \u00fczere mebnidir, irab almazlar.
2- \u00d6zel biri kastedilen nekre: Belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelik \u064a\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f \u201cey zalim!\u201d demek gibi. Bu k\u0131s\u0131m m\u00fcn\u00e2d\u00e2lar da zamme \u00fczere mebnidir daima.
3- \u00d6zel biri kastedilmeyen nekre: K\u00fcrs\u00fcdeki vaizin \u064a\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0647 \u201cey gafil, uyan!\u201d demesi gibi. Vaiz bu s\u00f6zle \u00f6zel birini de\u011fil, her gafil ki\u015fiyi kastetmi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr m\u00fcn\u00e2d\u00e2lar daima nasb al\u0131r.
4- Muzaf: \u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0650 \u201cEy ilim talibi!\u201d gibi. Daima nasb al\u0131r. 
5- Muzafa benzeyen: Bu k\u0131s\u0131mla m\u00fcn\u00e2d\u00e2n\u0131n kendi manas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayan bir kelimeye biti\u015fmesi kastedilir. Mesela \u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631\u0633\u064e\u0647\u064f \u201cey dersini ezberleyen!\u201d bu k\u0131s\u0131m m\u00fcn\u00e2d\u00e2 da daima nasb harekesi al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong> VE GRUBUNUN HABER\u0130:<\/strong>
M\u00fcbteda ve haberi iptal edenler \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki m\u00fcbteday\u0131 raf, haberi nasb edenler k\u0131sm\u0131na bak\u0131n\u0131z.

\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong> VE GRUBUNUN \u0130SM\u0130<\/strong>
M\u00fcbteda ve haberi iptal edenler \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki m\u00fcbteday\u0131 nasb, haberi raf edenler k\u0131sm\u0131na bak\u0131n\u0131z.

MENSUB \u0130SME TAB\u0130 OLANLAR<\/strong>
S\u0131fat, at\u0131f, tekid ve bedel:<\/strong> Bunlar uyduklar\u0131 kelimenin irab\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n nasb olmas\u0131 durumunda nasb al\u0131rlar. Her biriyle ilgili geni\u015f bilgi almak i\u00e7in raf isme tabi olanlar ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CER OLAN \u0130S\u0130MLER (MECR\u00dbR\u00c2T)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harfle cer olanlar:<\/strong>
<\/strong>Cer edici harflerden sonra gelen kelimeler cer al\u0131rlar. Ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki amil harfe c\u00e2r (cer eden), kendilerine mecr\u00fbr (cer edilmi\u015f) denir.Yirmiye yak\u0131n harf-i cer vard\u0131r.
\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 : \u201c\u2026den\u201d, \u201c\u2026dan\u201d \u015feklinde ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 bildirir. Hem zahir, hem zamir ismi cer eder: \u0648\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0643\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0646\u064f\u0648\u062d\u064d \u201csenden ve Nuh\u2019tan.\u201dBurada \u0643\u064e zamiri mahalli bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u0646\u064f\u0648\u062d\u064d zahir ismi ise lafz\u0131 bak\u0131mdan cer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 : \u201cOna,\u201d \u201coraya\u201d \u015feklinde son bulma, gayeye erme anlam\u0131 verir. Zahir ve zamir ismi cer eder: \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0650 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0639\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u201cD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcz Allah\u2019ad\u0131r.\u201d
\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652 :  \u201c\u2026den\u201d, \u201c\u2026dan\u201d \u015feklinde a\u015fma, ge\u00e7me bildirir: \u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u0631\u064e\u0636\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u201cKu\u015fkusuz Allah m\u00fcminlerden raz\u0131 oldu.\u201d
\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 : \u201c\u00dczerinde\u201d, \u201c\u00fcst\u00fcnde\u201d \u015feklinde ku\u015fatma ve y\u00fckseklik bildirir: \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0644\u0652\u0643\u0650 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u201cHem onlar\u0131n ve hem de gemilerin \u00fczerinde ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d
\u0641\u0650\u064a : \u201c\u2026de\u201d, \u201c\u2026da\u201d \u015feklinde zaman ve mekan bildirir: \u0648\u064e\u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0631\u0650\u0632\u0652\u0642\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u201cSizin r\u0131zk\u0131n\u0131z semadad\u0131r.\u201d
\u0631\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0651 : \u201cNice\u201d, \u201cne az\u201d \u015feklinde azl\u0131k, nadirlik bildirir: \u0631\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0651 \u0631\u064e\u062c\u064f\u0644\u0650 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064d \u0644\u064e\u0642\u0650\u064a\u062a\u064e\u0647\u064f \u201cNe az de\u011ferli adamla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131n!\u201d
\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0621 : \u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u201cAllah onlar\u0131n nurunu gidermi\u015ftir.\u201d
\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641 : Benzerlik bildirir ve sadece zahir ismi cer eder: \u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0646\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0634\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0629\u064d \u201cOnun nuru kandil gibidir.\u201d
\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645 : M\u00fclkiyet veya sebebiyet bildirir: \u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0652\u0643\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0636\u0650 \u201cG\u00f6klerin ve yerin m\u00fclk\u00fc ona aittir.\u201d
Yemin bildiren \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0648 , \u0628\u0627\u0621\u064f ve \u062a\u064e\u0627\u0621 : \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0646\u0650 \u201c\u0130ncire ve zeytine yemin olsun!\u201d, \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u201cAllah\u2019a yemin olsun, (ka\u00e7ar\u0131 yok) \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u201d,  \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u201cAllah\u2019a yemin ederim ki putlar\u0131n\u0131za bir tuzak kuraca\u011f\u0131m.\u201d
\u0645\u064f\u0630\u0652 ve \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f : Bunlar zaman ifadelerini cer ederler. E\u011fer kendilerinden sonra ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman bildiriliyorsa bunlar \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 (den, dan) manas\u0131na, e\u011fer \u015fimdiki zaman bildiriliyorsa \u0641\u0650\u064a (de, da) manas\u0131na gelirler. \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064d \u201cBir ayd\u0131r onunla konu\u015fmad\u0131m\u201d ilkine, \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0643\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0645\u064f\u0630\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0627\u064e \u201cbug\u00fcn onunla daha konu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131m\u201d ikinci \u015f\u0131kka \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zafetle cer olanlar:
<\/strong>\u0130ki \u015fey aras\u0131ndaki a\u011f ve ilgi anlam\u0131na gelen izafete T\u00fcrk gramerinde isim tamlamas\u0131 denir.\u0639\u064e\u0642\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u201cinsan\u0131n akl\u0131\u201d dedi\u011fimizde tamlayan, yani \u0639\u0642\u0644 kelimesi muzaf, tamlanan, yani \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 kelimesi muzafun ileyhtir ve cer irab\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 t\u00fcr izafet (isim tamlamas\u0131) vard\u0131r.
1- <\/strong>\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/strong> manas\u0131na gelen izafet:<\/strong> Muzaf\u0131n muzafun ileyhin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu isim tamlamalar\u0131d\u0131r. \u062c\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0635\u064f\u0648\u0641\u064d \u201cy\u00fcn(den) c\u00fcppe\u201d \u00f6rne\u011finde c\u00fcppe y\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131, k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r.
2- <\/strong>\u0641\u0650\u064a<\/strong> manas\u0131na gelen izafet:<\/strong> Muzaf\u00fcn ileyhin muzaf\u0131n zarf\u0131 (onun zaman veya mekan dilimi) oldu\u011fu isim tamlamalar\u0131. \u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0644\u0650 \u201cGece hilesi\/gecede hile\u201d c\u00fcmlesinde gece, hilenin kendisinde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman dilimidir.
3- <\/strong>\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645<\/strong> manas\u0131na gelen izafet:<\/strong> \u00d6nceki iki k\u0131sma elveri\u015fli olmayan b\u00fct\u00fcn izafetler bu kabilendir. Lam harfinin ifade etti\u011fi sebebiyet ve m\u00fclkiyet manalar\u0131 sebebiyle bu t\u00fcr isim tamlamalar\u0131 da sahiplik ve aitlik bildirirler. \u062d\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u0650 \u201cMescidin has\u0131r\u0131\/mescide ait has\u0131r.\u201d G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda da muzaf\u00fcn ileyhler muzaf taraf\u0131ndan cer edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cer isme tabi olanlar:<\/strong>
S\u0131fat, at\u0131f, tekid ve bedel:<\/strong> Bunlar uyduklar\u0131 kelimenin irab\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n cer olmas\u0131 durumunda cer al\u0131rlar. Her biriyle ilgili geni\u015f bilgi almak i\u00e7in raf isme tabi olanlar ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu makaleyi okuyanlar i\u00e7in tavsiye yaz\u0131lar:
Sarf \u0130lmine Giri\u015f<\/a>
\u015eematik Sarf \u0130lmi<\/a><\/strong>
Nahiv Usul\u00fc
<\/strong><\/a>Arap\u00e7an\u0131n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc: Sarf \u0130lmi<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e B\u0130LG\u0130LER\u0130 Tarifi: \u201cNahv\u201d kelimesi s\u00f6zl\u00fckte iki anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:a- Y\u00f6n ve taraf: (\u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0646\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0648\u064e \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064e\u0646\u064d Filancaya do\u011fru gittim.)b- Benzer ve denk: (\u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c \u0646\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0648\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651  Muhammed Ali gibidir.) Ist\u0131lahta ise, Arap\u00e7a kelimelerin bile\u015fik hallerinde sonlar\u0131ndaki irab ve mebnilik gibi de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan ilimdir.Konusu: Sonlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler (irab ve mebnilikleri) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Arap\u00e7a kelimeler.Faydas\u0131: Nahiv \u00f6\u011frenmek, Arap\u00e7a konu\u015furken dili […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4192,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3888"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3888"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3888\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5031,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3888\/revisions\/5031"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4192"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3888"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3888"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3888"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}