{"id":3890,"date":"2020-09-10T11:05:59","date_gmt":"2020-09-10T08:05:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/?p=3890"},"modified":"2022-10-08T10:35:56","modified_gmt":"2022-10-08T07:35:56","slug":"el-muhkem-fis-sarf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/el-muhkem-fis-sarf\/","title":{"rendered":"el-Muhkem fi\u2019s Sarf \u00dczerinden \u015eematik Sarf \u0130lmi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#TARIFI\">TAR\u0130F\u0130<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#KONU_ALANI\">KONU ALANI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#SARF_ILMININ_SAHASINA_GIRMEYEN_KONULAR\">SARF \u0130LM\u0130N\u0130N SAHASINA G\u0130RMEYEN KONULAR<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#MIZAN-I_SARFI\">M\u00ceZAN-\u0130 SARF\u00ce<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#FIILLER\">F\u0130\u0130LLER<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#ISIMLER\">\u0130S\u0130MLER<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#TESNIYE_VE_CEMI_ISIM_KALIPLARI\">TESN\u0130YE VE CEM\u0130 \u0130S\u0130M KALIPLARI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#MUENNESLIK-MUZEKKERLIK_KURALLARI\">M\u00dcENNESL\u0130K-M\u00dcZEKKERL\u0130K KURALLARI<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"TARIFI\">TAR\u0130F\u0130<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sarf veya tasrif, s\u00f6zl\u00fckte \u201cde\u011fi\u015fim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Bir ilim olarak sarf veya tasrif ise, \u201cArap\u00e7a kelimelerin yap\u0131sal y\u00f6nlerinin; bu kelimeleri olu\u015fturan harflerin asl\u00ee yahut zaid, sahih ya da illetli, hazifli yahut de\u011fi\u015fimli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesidir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu tarife g\u00f6re sarf, harflerin durumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in kelime k\u00f6k ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 konu edinir. Mesela&nbsp; \u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e fiilini sarf yoluyla muzari kal\u0131b\u0131 olan \u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064f fiiline veya \u0627\u064f\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0652 emir s\u00eegar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fcz. Ayn\u0131 fiil belli kurallar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde asl\u00ee harflerine ziyade alabilir. Bu durumda ek bir laf\u0131z, ek bir mana kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 demektir. Sadece ek harf alma de\u011fil elbette, fiilde bir de\u011fi\u015fime de gidilerek her kal\u0131b\u0131n farkl\u0131 bir mana almas\u0131 sa\u011flanabilir. Bu \u015fekilde ayn\u0131 \u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e fiilini \u0643\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0628\u064c kal\u0131b\u0131na sokarak \u201cyazar\/haberci\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131, \u0643\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e kal\u0131b\u0131na sokarak \u201cba\u015fkas\u0131yla yaz\u0131\u015ft\u0131\/ kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anla\u015fma yapt\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131, \u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064e kal\u0131b\u0131na sokarak \u201cbirine yazd\u0131rd\u0131 \/ yazmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretti\u201d manas\u0131n\u0131 elde ederiz. \u0130\u015fte \u00e7ekimli (m\u00fctesarrif) fiil bu demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"KONU_ALANI\">KONU ALANI<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c7ekimli filler: <\/strong>Sarf ilminin birinci konusu m\u00e2z\u00ee\/ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman, muz\u00e2r\u00ee\/geni\u015f zaman ve emir kal\u0131plar\u0131na sokulabilen; ek ve de\u011fi\u015fim kab\u00fcl eden \u00e7ekimli (m\u00fctesarrif) fiillerdir. Bu \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131mayan \u00e7ekimsiz (c\u00e2mid) fiiler sarf ilminin sahas\u0131na girmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130rap kab\u00fcl eden tam isimler: <\/strong>Bunlar isimli\u011fi ve irap (kelimenin sonunda de\u011fi\u015fim) kab\u00fcl edi\u015fi sorunsuz olan (murep ve m\u00fctemekkin) isimlerdir. Yeri gelmi\u015fken isimlerin bu a\u00e7\u0131dan taksimini g\u00f6relim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>De\u011fi\u015febilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan isimler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00fctemekkin (tam) isimler:<\/strong>&nbsp; Harflerle benzerli\u011fi bulunmayan isimlerdir. Telaffuz etti\u011fimizde do\u011frudan m\u00fcsemm\u00e2s\u0131 (sahibi) akl\u0131m\u0131za gelir. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0639\u0644\u064a, \u0628\u0643\u0631 bu k\u0131sma \u00f6rnektir. Bunlar isme \u00f6zg\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn irap \u00f6zelliklerini kab\u00fcl eder ve sarf ilminin do\u011frudan ilgi alan\u0131na girerler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gayr-i m\u00fctemekkin (yar\u0131m) isimler:<\/strong> Bu t\u00fcr isimler irap kab\u00fcl etmeyen (mebn\u00ee) zamirlere, ism-i mevsul ve ism-i i\u015faretlere benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131rlar. \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645, \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f, \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 gibi isimler \u00fc\u00e7 halde iki irap de\u011fi\u015fimi ya\u015far (gayr-i m\u00fcnsarif) ve sarf\u0131n konusuna girmezler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Amac\u0131 ve faydas\u0131: <\/strong>M\u00fcfred kelimelerin kullan\u0131m\u0131nda Arap dilini hatadan korumakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"SARF_ILMININ_SAHASINA_GIRMEYEN_KONULAR\"><strong>SARF \u0130LM\u0130N\u0130N SAHASINA G\u0130RMEYEN KONULAR<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A. Mebn\u00ee isimler:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Zamirler: <\/strong>\u2026\u0647\u0648 &#8211; \u0647\u064a &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0645 &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0646 &#8211; \u0646\u062d\u0646<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0130sm-i mevsuller: <\/strong>\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a &nbsp;&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u0645\u0646 &#8211; \u0645\u0627<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. \u0130sm-i i\u015faretler: <\/strong>\u2026\u0647\u0630\u0627 &#8211; \u0647\u0630\u0647 &#8211; \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u2013 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 &nbsp;<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. \u015eart isimleri: <\/strong>\u2026\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 &nbsp;&#8211; \u0645\u0646 &#8211; &nbsp;\u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Soru isimleri: <\/strong>\u2026 \u0643\u064a\u0641 &nbsp;&#8211; \u0623\u064a\u0646 &#8211; \u0645\u062a\u0649<strong> <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Baz\u0131 zarflar: <\/strong>\u2026\u0645\u0646\u0630 &nbsp;&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 &#8211; &nbsp;\u062d\u064a\u062b<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b. \u00c7ekimsiz (c\u00e2mid) fiiller: <\/strong>Ne muz\u00e2r\u00eesi, ne emri bulunan sadece m\u00e2z\u00ee kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki fiilerdir. \u0646\u0639\u0645 &#8211; \u0639\u0633\u0649 &#8211; \u0644\u064a\u0633 &#8211; &nbsp;\u062f\u0627\u0645 bunlara \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>c. Harflerin t\u00fcm\u00fc: <\/strong>\u2026\u0645\u0646 &#8211; \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8211; \u0648 &#8211; \u062b\u0645<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>d. Gayr-i munsarif (kesre ve tenvin almayan) isimler<\/strong>: \u2026 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0649 &#8211; \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f &#8211; \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0621- \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"MIZAN-I_SARFI\"><strong>M\u00ceZAN-\u0130 SARF\u00ce<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dczerinde herhangi bir sarf\u00ee de\u011fi\u015fiklik ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek kelimeler en az \u00fc\u00e7 harflidir. Bunlar\u0131 \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e fiilinin harfleri olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u015fte Arap\u00e7a m\u00fctesarrif (\u00e7ekimli) fiillerin kural \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc budur. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctle bir kelimenin asl\u00ee ve z\u00e2id harfleri birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Sarf alimleri temel olarak \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f ve harflerine s\u0131rayla fau\u2019l f\u00eeli, ayne\u2019l f\u00eeli ve l\u00e2me\u2019l f\u00eeli demi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; \u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e fiilini \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcne vurdu\u011fumuzda ze harfi f\u00e2\u2019y\u0131, he harfi ayn\u2019\u0131, b\u00e2 ise lam harfini kar\u015f\u0131lar. \u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e fiili tamamen \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e kal\u0131b\u0131na uydu\u011fu i\u00e7in anl\u0131yoruz ki b\u00fct\u00fcn harfleri asl\u00ee harflerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee mez\u00eed (\u00fc\u00e7 harf k\u00f6k\u00fcne ek harfli) fiillerden misaller: \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e fiilini \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e kal\u0131b\u0131na uyarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, kaf harfi fiilin f\u00e2 harfini, r\u00e2 ayn\u2019\u0131, mim lam\u2019\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor; hemze ise zaid oluyor. Yine \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e fiilini \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne vurdu\u011fumuzda fau\u2019l f\u00eeli \u011fayn harfi, aynel f\u00eeli f\u00e2 harfi, lame\u2019l f\u00eeli r\u00e2 oluyor. Hemze, sin ve t\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n ise zaid olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00eezan-i sarf\u00eenin faydas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kelimenin as\u0131l harflerinin kolayca bilmek, bunlar\u0131n z\u00e2itlerden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. \u015eu da var ki bir kelimenin as\u0131l harfleri, \u00fc\u00e7ten fazla olursa lam vezinde (\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcte vurulan kelimede) tekrarlan\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re \u062f\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e &nbsp;veznini \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0644\u064e<strong> <\/strong>\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcne (mevzun) vururuz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn harfleri asl\u00ee harflerdir, hi\u00e7biri at\u0131lamaz. Kelime hepsi olmadan bir anlam ifade etmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KEL\u0130MELER\u0130N ASIL HARFLER\u0130N\u0130N DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aslonan, tasr\u00eef yani k\u0131saca kal\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fse de kelimenin asl\u00ee harflerinin sabit kalmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e fiilini \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f\u060c \u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064f\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e gibi bir\u00e7ok kal\u0131ba soksak da as\u0131l harfleri olan \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0645\u064e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064e sabit kal\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064c\u060c \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064c\u060c \u062a\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064f\u0651\u0645\u064c\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064c\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064c\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064c gibi isim kal\u0131plar\u0131nda as\u0131l harfler oldu\u011fu gibi kal\u0131r. Bununla birlikte kal\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fimi bazen kelimenin asl\u00ee harflerini de de\u011fi\u015fime g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim isim ve fiilde iki t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr: \u0130bdal ve i\u2019lal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130bdal<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir harfin yerine ba\u015fka birini getirmek demektir. \u0647\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0627 c\u00fcmlesi t\u00fcm ibdal harflerini i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. \u0130bdalin birka\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fidi bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Sahih (vav, y\u00e2 ve elif olmayan) bir harfi, sahih bir harfle de\u011fi\u015ftirmek: \u0627\u0636\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e fiili buna \u00f6rnektir. Asl\u0131 \u0627\u0636\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Sahih bir harfi illetli (vav, y\u00e2 ve eliften olu\u015fan) bir harfle de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir. \u062a\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062b ismi buna \u00f6rnektir. Asl\u0131 \u0648\u064e\u0631\u0650\u062b\u064e fiilinden gelen \u0648\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062b kelimesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u0130lletli bir harfi sahih bir harfle de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir. \u0642\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0623\u0652\u062a\u064f fiilinin kolay okunu\u015fu olan \u0642\u064e\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f fiili buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. \u0130lletli bir harfi yine illetli bir harfle de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir ki en yayg\u0131n ibdal \u015fekli budur. \u0642\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0628\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0639\u064e as\u0131llar\u0131ndan gelen \u0642\u0627\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0628\u064e\u0627\u0639\u064e fiilleri bu k\u0131sma \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130\u2019lal<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hafifletme maksad\u0131yla kelimedeki illet harfini de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir. \u0130\u2019lal \u00fc\u00e7 yolla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Kalp:<\/strong> \u0130llet harfini ba\u015fka bir illet harfine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek demektir. \u0642\u0627\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u064e fiilleri bunun \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Elif harfi bunlarda vav\u2019dan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmedir. Zira as\u0131llar\u0131 \u0642\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0628\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0639\u064e \u015feklindedir. Bunlarda hem ibdal hem i\u2019lal meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Teskin:<\/strong> Normalde kelime vezni harekeyi gerektiren bir harfi sakin yapmaya denir. Mesela \u064a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064f fiilinin vezni (\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiil) \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064f fiilidir. Buna g\u00f6re demek ki asl\u0131 \u064a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0648\u064f\u0644\u064f \u015feklinde vav\u2019\u0131n harekesiyledir. Sonu\u00e7ta vav sakin k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve harekesi kendinden \u00f6nceki sahih harfe (gaf\u2019a) verilmi\u015ftir. Bunun nedeni, iki sakin harfin birle\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Hazif:<\/strong> \u0130llet harfini bir kelimeden atmak, hazfetmek demektir. Asl\u0131 \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0639\u0650\u062f\u064f olan \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0650\u062f\u064f kelimesi buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"FIILLER\"><strong>F\u0130\u0130LLER<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130llet ve s\u0131hhat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan fiillerin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Sahih: Kendisinde vav, y\u00e2 ve elif gibi illet harfleri bulunmayan fiildir. \u00dc\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r sahih fiilin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. S\u00e2lim: As\u0131l harflerinde hemze ve \u015fedde bulunmayan fiildir. \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u060c \u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u060c \u0646\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0631\u064e fiileri bu k\u0131sma \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. Mehmuz: As\u0131l harflerinden biri hemze olan fiildir. \u0623\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0630\u064e\u060c \u0633\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0642\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0623\u064e fiileri buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. Muza\u2019af: Kendisinde, birbirine id\u011fam edilmi\u015f iki ayn\u0131 harf bulunan fiildir. \u0631\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0651 fiili buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Mu\u2019tel (illetli) fiil: Vav, y\u00e2 ve elif gibi illet harflerinden biri bulunan fiillerdir. Muteller d\u00f6rt k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. Misal: Fau\u2019l f\u00eeli (ilk harfi) illetli oland\u0131r. \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e ve \u064a\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0633\u064e gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. Ecvef: Ayne\u2019l f\u00eeli (orta harfi) illetli oland\u0131r. \u0642\u0627\u0644\u064e ve \u0628\u0627\u0639\u064e gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. N\u00e2k\u0131s: L\u00e2me\u2019l f\u00eeli (son harfi) illetli oland\u0131r. \u062f\u064e\u0639\u0627 ve \u0631\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0649 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>d. Lef\u00eef: \u0130ki tane illetli harf i\u00e7eren fiildir. Bu iki harf \u0637\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0649\u060c \u0642\u064e\u0648\u0650\u064a\u064e fiillerindeki gibi yanyana gelirse lef\u00eef-i makr\u00fbn, yok e\u011fer \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u064e \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 olursa lef\u00eef-i mefr\u00fbk denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K\u00f6k say\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan fiillerin kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Arap dili incelendi\u011finde fiillerin ya \u00fc\u00e7 ya da d\u00f6rt harfli oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bundan fazla olanlar bir veya daha fazla harfle ek alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. S\u00f6zkonu z\u00e2id harfler \u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 kelimesinde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee m\u00fccerred (\u00fc\u00e7 k\u00f6k harfli) fiil kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064f : Bu kal\u0131pta gelen fiillere \u00f6rnekler: \u0646\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0631\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0631\u064f\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064f : Bu kal\u0131pta gelen fiillere \u00f6rnekler: \u062c\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0633\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0633\u064f\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0650\u062f\u064f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064f : Bu kal\u0131pta gelen fiillere \u00f6rnekler: \u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0630\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064f\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0639\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0639\u064f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064f : Bu kal\u0131pta gelen fiillere \u00f6rnekler: \u0641\u064e\u0631\u0650\u062d\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062d\u064f\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0637\u0650\u0649\u0621\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0623\u064f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064f : Bu kal\u0131pta gelen fiillere \u00f6rnekler: \u062d\u064e\u0633\u064f\u0646\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0633\u064f\u0646\u064f\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0636\u064f\u0639\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0636\u064f\u0639\u064f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064f : Bu kal\u0131pta gelen fiillere \u00f6rnekler: \u062d\u064e\u0633\u0650\u0628\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0628\u064f\u060c \u0648\u064e\u062b\u0650\u0642\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u062b\u0650\u0642\u064f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Rub\u00e2\u00ee m\u00fccerred (d\u00f6rt k\u00f6k harfli) fiil kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064f\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0644\u064f : Bu vezin kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelen fiillere \u00f6rnek: \u062f\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e- \u064a\u064f\u062f\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u0650\u062c\u064f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee ve rub\u00e2\u00ee m\u00fccerred fiiller, bir veya daha fazla ek almak suretiyle 6 harfli bi\u00e7ime kavu\u015fabilirler. Bunlara k\u00f6k\u00fcne g\u00f6re s\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee veya rub\u00e2\u00ee mez\u00eed (ekli) fiiller denir. \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e fiilleri s\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee mezidlere; \u062a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0652\u0645\u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0645\u064e fiilleri ise rub\u00e2\u00ee mezidlere \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00d6zne durumuna g\u00f6re fiillerin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Mal\u00fcm (\u00f6znesi bilinen) fiillerin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Fiil-i m\u00e2z\u00eenin mal\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> Bunun kural\u0131 ve yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u015fekli, t\u00fcm s\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee ve rub\u00e2\u00ee m\u00fccerret fiillerin ilk harfini fetha yapmakt\u0131r. \u062f\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e ve \u0632\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0632\u064e\u0644\u064e fiileri gibi. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee mezidlerde ise \u0623\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e kal\u0131b\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, keza rub\u00e2\u00ee mezidlerde \u062a\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0632\u064e\u0644\u064e kal\u0131b\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi bir harf ek alarak fiil-i m\u00e2z\u00eeler mal\u00fcm kal\u0131b\u0131na girer. \u0130ki harf alan rub\u00e2\u00ee mezidlerde, iki veya \u00fc\u00e7 harf ek alan s\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee mezidlerde ise mal\u00fcm yapma kural\u0131, ba\u015fa hemzenin, ard\u0131ndan sakin harfin, ard\u0131ndan fetha harekeli bir harfin getirilmesidir. \u0627\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062e\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0645\u064e fiilleri bu k\u0131sm\u0131n \u00f6rnekleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eenin mal\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> Tek ekli s\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee mez\u00eed ve rub\u00e2\u00ee m\u00fccerretler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki fiillerde ilk harf fetha yap\u0131larak elde edilir. S\u00f6zkonusu iki fiil kal\u0131b\u0131nda ise ilk harf zamme yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u064a\u064e\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0642\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062e\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0645\u064f\u060c gibi fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eeler genel kurala, \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0651\u0631\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0650\u0644\u064f muz\u00e2r\u00eeleri ise di\u011ferine misaldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Emir fiilin mal\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> Muz\u00e2r\u00ee fiil kal\u0131plar\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r ve ilk harfin durumunu ba\u015ftaki muzaraat harfi belirler. Bu durumda;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. E\u011fer muz\u00e2raat harfi (fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eenin ilk harfi) fethal\u0131 ise, emir kal\u0131b\u0131 sadece bu harfin at\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilir. Mesela \u064a\u064f\u0633\u064e\u0639\u0651\u0631\u064f ve \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0650\u0644\u064f fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eelerinden \u0633\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0652 ve \u0646\u0627\u0636\u0650\u0644\u0652 \u015feklinde emir fiili gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. E\u011fer muz\u00e2raat harfi sakin olur ve m\u00e2zisi \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelirse, bu durumda emir fiilin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, muz\u00e2raat harfini fethal\u0131 hemzeye (ge\u00e7i\u015fte d\u00fc\u015fmeyen hemze-i kat\u0131\u2019) \u00e7evirmekle olur. Buna g\u00f6re mesela \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0646\u064f fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eelerinden \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u015feklinde emirler gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e vezni d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki baplardan gelen sakin muz\u00e2raat harfli fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eelerde ise, muz\u00e2raat harfi kesreli hemze-i vasla (ge\u00e7i\u015fte d\u00fc\u015fen hemzeye) \u00e7evrilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0645\u0650\u062f\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0637\u0650\u0641\u064f&nbsp; fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eelerinden \u0627\u0639\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0645\u0650\u062f\u0652\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0637\u0650\u0641\u0652 \u015feklinde emir kipleri gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Me\u00e7hul (\u00f6znesi bilinmeyen) fiillerin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Fiil-i m\u00e2z\u00eenin me\u00e7hul yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131: Hangi kal\u0131ptan gelirse gelsin, ik harfi fetha, sondan bir \u00f6nceki harfi kesre yap\u0131larak me\u00e7hul kal\u0131p elde edilir. \u0643\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e kal\u0131plar\u0131ndan \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0650\u0628\u064e\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064f\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0645\u064e \u015feklinde fiil-i m\u00e2z\u00ee me\u00e7hulleri gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eenin me\u00e7hul yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131: B\u00fct\u00fcn kal\u0131plarda ilk harfi zamme, sondan bir \u00f6nceki harfi fetha yap\u0131larak me\u00e7hul kip elde edilir. \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0638\u0650\u0631\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0647\u0650\u0645\u064f kal\u0131plar\u0131ndan \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0638\u064e\u0631\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645\u064f \u015feklinde me\u00e7hul muz\u00e2r\u00eeler gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; Emir fiillerinden me\u00e7hul gelmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; Sondan bir \u00f6nceki harfi illetli olan fiillerin me\u00e7hul yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, buraya kadar anlat\u0131lanlardan daha farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlarda kural \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Me\u00e7hul yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fiil, sondan bir \u00f6nceki harfi elif olan bir fiil-i m\u00e2z\u00ee ise, bu elif y\u00e2\u2019ya d\u00f6ner ve kendinden \u00f6nceki harf kesre yap\u0131l\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re \u0642\u0627\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u064e\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0652\u062a\u0627\u0639\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064e fiil-i m\u00e2z\u00eelerinin me\u00e7hulleri \u0642\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0628\u0650\u064a\u0639\u064e\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0642\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0652\u062a\u0650\u064a\u0639\u064e\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0642\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064e \u015feklinde gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. E\u011fer me\u00e7hul yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fiil, sondan bir \u00f6nceki harfi vav veya y\u00e2 olan bir fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00ee ise, bu harfleri elif\u2019e \u00e7evirip fiilin ilk harfini de zamme yaparak me\u00e7hul kal\u0131b\u0131 elde ederiz. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u064a\u064e\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0639\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064f fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eelerinin me\u00e7hulleri \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064f \u015feklinde gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"ISIMLER\"><strong>\u0130S\u0130MLER<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>K\u00f6k say\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan isimlerin kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee\/\u00fc\u00e7 harfli<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. M\u00fccerred\/eksiz: \u0633\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064c&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. Mez\u00eed: Tek ekli (\u0625\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0639\u064c), iki ekli (\u0633\u0650\u0643\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064c), \u00fc\u00e7 ekli (\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0628\u0650\u0639\u0627\u0621\u064f) ve d\u00f6rt ekli (\u0639\u0627\u0634\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064f) olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Rub\u00e2\u00ee\/d\u00f6rt harfli<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. M\u00fccerred\/eksiz: \u062c\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. Mez\u00eed: Tek ekli (\u0642\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0637\u0627\u0633\u064c), iki ekli (\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064c) ve \u00fc\u00e7 ekli (\u0639\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062b\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0646) olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Hum\u00e2s\u00ee\/be\u015f harfli<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. M\u00fccerred\/eksiz: \u0633\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. Mez\u00eed: Bu t\u00fcr isimler sadece tek ekli gelir. \u0642\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0631\u0649 \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Masdar kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Masdar, zamandan soyut \u015fekilde bir i\u015fi anlatan isimdir. Geldi\u011fi fiilin harflerini ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e fiilinden gelen \u0630\u064e\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b gibi. Masdar, t\u00fcm t\u00fcrev (m\u00fc\u015ftak) isimlerin asl\u0131d\u0131r. Arap dilinde bir\u00e7ok masdar kal\u0131b\u0131 bulunur. \u0646\u064e\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064c\u060c \u062c\u064f\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064c\u060c \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064c\u060c \u0633\u064e\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064c\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u064b\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062e\u064c\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0629\u064c\u060c \u0633\u064f\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0647\u064c\u060c \u0643\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u064e\u0629\u064c\u060c \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064c\u060c \u062a\u064e\u0632\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0629\u064c\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0638\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064c\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064c\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064c bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Masdar kal\u0131b\u0131, harekesi de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte ba\u015f\u0131na bir mim getirilerek fiilinden elde edilir. \u0637\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0639\u064e\u060c \u0642\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631\u064e\u060c \u0633\u064e\u0639\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0642\u0631\u064e\u0651 fiillerinden gelen \u0645\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0639\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0639\u064e\u062f\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0639\u0650\u062f\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0649\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0642\u0631\u0651 masdarlar\u0131 buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ek masdarlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1- \u0130sm-i merre: <\/strong>Olay\u0131n bir defa ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini anlatmak i\u00e7in masdardan t\u00fcretilen isimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee kal\u0131plarda ism-<\/strong><strong>i merre:<\/strong> Bunlarda \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0642\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0635\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0629\u060c \u062f\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0629 (Bir kere kalkma, bir \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k atma, bir kerede d\u00fczle\u015ftirme) gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kal\u0131plarda ism-<\/strong><strong>i merre: <\/strong>Bu kal\u0131plarda masdar\u0131n sonuna te\u2019nis (di\u015fillik) t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131 eklenerek ism-i merre edilir. \u0627\u0646\u0652\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0650\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629 \u00f6rneklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0130sm-i heyet:<\/strong> Olay\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme \u015feklini ve vasf\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in masdardan t\u00fcretilen isimdir. \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelir. Mesela \u062c\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0650\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0650\u064a\u062a\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0650\u0628\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0629 (bir \u00e7e\u015fit oturma, bir \u015fekilde \u00f6lme, bir bi\u00e7imde kesme) gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. \u0130sm-i masdar:<\/strong> Bir olay\u0131 anlatma noktas\u0131nda normal masdarla ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Tek fark\u0131, fiilinin harflerini daha az i\u00e7eriyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Mesela \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0623\u064e fiilinin normal masdar\u0131 \u062a\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0636\u064f\u0651\u0624, ism-i masdar\u0131 ise \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u015feklindedir. \u0639\u0627\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064e fiilinin normal masdar\u0131 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629, ism-i masdar\u0131 ise \u0639\u0650\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629 \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. S\u0131n\u00e2\u00ee \/Yapma masdar:<\/strong> Kendisinde varolan bir vasf\u0131 anlatmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla sonuna te\u2019nis t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131 ve nisbet y\u00e2\u2019s\u0131 getirilen isimdir. &nbsp;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 &nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 (insanl\u0131k \/humanizm ve ortakl\u0131k\/sosyalizm) gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00fc\u015ftak (T\u00fcrev) isimlerin kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130sm-i Fail<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mal\u00fcm masdardan, i\u015fi yapan\u0131 ifade edecek \u015fekilde t\u00fcretilmi\u015f isimdir. \u0646\u064e\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0631 (yard\u0131m eden) kelimesi gibi. Yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 iki t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee m\u00fccerretlerde: <\/strong>\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelir. \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064d\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064d \u00f6rneklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi. E\u011fer fiil ecvef olursa ism-i failde elif hemzeye d\u00f6ner. \u0642\u0627\u0644 fiilinden gelen &nbsp;\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 ism-i failinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00eelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda:<\/strong> Fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eenin ilk harfini zammeli mim\u2019e \u00e7evirmekle elde edilir. \u060c \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0642\u064f \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u064f fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eelerinden \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0642\u064c \u060c \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u064c ism-i faillerinin gelmesi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kal\u0131plar s\u00f6zkonusu ism-i fail yapma kural\u0131n\u0131n istisnas\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0645\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064c),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn.\u062d\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0635\u064c),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644 (\u00f6rn. \u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0628)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0644 (\u00f6rn. \u0628\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0648\u062a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0652\u0635\u064e\u0646\u064c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0645\u064f\u0634\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644 (\u00f6rn. \u0645\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0646)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0629 (\u00f6rn. \u0644\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0629)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; Nadir durumlarda ism-i fail kullan\u0131l\u0131p ism-i mef\u2019ul manas\u0131 kastedilebilir. \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0639\u0650\u064a\u0634\u064e\u0629\u064d \u0631\u064e\u0627\u0636\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0629\u064d ayetinde oldu\u011fu gibi. Burada \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0636\u064a\u0629 (raz\u0131 olunan) manas\u0131 kastedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00fcb\u00e2la\u011fal\u0131 ism-i fail: <\/strong>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131 sahip oldu\u011fu s\u0131fat\u0131 daha fazla anlats\u0131n diye m\u00fcb\u00e2la\u011fa s\u00eegas\u0131na sokulabilir. Bunlar be\u015f kal\u0131pt\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644 (\u00f6rn. \u0623\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644 \/\u00e7ok yiyen)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. \u0645\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644 (\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0631\/\u00e7ok bo\u011fazlayan-usta)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644 (\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u063a\u064e\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0631\/\u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayan)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644 (\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u0633\u064e\u0645\u064a\u0639\/\u00e7ok i\u015fiten)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0644<strong> <\/strong>(\u00f6rn. \u062d\u064e\u0630\u0650\u0631\u064c \/ \u00e7ok dikkatli- uyan\u0131k)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; M\u00fcb\u00e2la\u011fal\u0131 ism-i failler bu be\u015f kal\u0131p d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0644, \u0645\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064a\u0644, \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0629, \u0641\u0627\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644, \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644 sigalar\u0131nda da gelebilir. \u0633\u0650\u0643\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0631, \u0645\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0637\u064a\u0631, \u0647\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0629, \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 ve \u0643\u064f\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0631 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130sm-i<\/strong> <strong>Mef\u2019ul<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Me\u00e7hul masdardan, i\u015f kendisine yap\u0131lan\u0131 anlatacak bi\u00e7imde t\u00fcretilmi\u015f isimdir. \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0631(yard\u0131m edilen) kelimesi gibi. Yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 iki t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee m\u00fccerretlerde:<\/strong> \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelir. \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u064c\u0651 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00eeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda:<\/strong> Fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eenin ilk harfini zammeli mim\u2019e, sondan bir \u00f6nceki harfin harakesini de fethaya \u00e7evirmekle elde edilir. \u060c \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0642\u064f \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u064f fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eelerinden gelen \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064c\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064c ism-i mef\u2019ulleri gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kal\u0131plar yerle\u015fik ism-i mef\u2019ul yapma kural\u0131n\u0131n istisnas\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064c<\/strong><strong> (\u00f6rn.<\/strong> <strong>\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u062d\u064c<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064c<\/strong><strong> (\u00f6rn.<\/strong> <strong>\u0646\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0636\u064c<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c<\/strong><strong> (\u00f6rn.<\/strong> <strong>\u0630\u0650\u0628\u0652\u062d\u064c<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0641\u064f\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064c<\/strong><strong> (\u00f6rn.<\/strong> <strong>\u0647\u064f\u0632\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0629\u064c<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&gt; <\/strong>L\u00e2z\u0131m (failden mef\u2019ule ge\u00e7meyen) fiilerden ism-i mef\u2019ul kal\u0131b\u0131 ancak zarfla, car-mecrurla veya masdarla birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131rsa gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&gt; <\/strong>Baz\u0131 kal\u0131plar ism-i fail ve ism-i mef\u2019ulde ortakt\u0131r. Hangisini ifade etti\u011fi ancak bir karineyle bilinebilir. \u0645\u064f\u062e\u0652\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064c\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062a\u064e\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0636\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0631\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062f\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064e\u0628\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064c b\u00f6ylesi ortak t\u00fcrevlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u0131fat-\u0131 m\u00fc\u015febbehe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130fade etti\u011fi vas\u0131fta kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k bildirmesi amac\u0131yla l\u00e2z\u0131m fiilin masdar\u0131ndan t\u00fcretilen isimlerdir. \u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646\u064c (g\u00fczel) kelimesi gibi. Genelde d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00e2b\u0131n laz\u0131m fiillerinden ve be\u015finci baptan gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>a. Sadece d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc baptan (<\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064f) gelenler:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. M\u00fcennesi \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0621 olan \u0623\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131: \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0621 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. M\u00fcennesi \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0649 olan \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0646 kal\u0131b\u0131: \u0639\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0634\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0634\u064e\u0649gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b. Sadece be\u015finci baptan (<\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064e- \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064f) gelenler:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131: <\/strong>\u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646 ve \u0628\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0644 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064f\u0639\u064f\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131: <\/strong>\u062c\u064f\u0646\u064f\u0628 gibi. Bu kal\u0131p az kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131: <\/strong>\u0634\u064f\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0639 ve &nbsp;\u0641\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062a gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131: <\/strong>\u062c\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646 ve \u062d\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0646 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>c. \u0130ki bap aras\u0131nda ortak kal\u0131plar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131: <\/strong><strong>\u0633\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0637<\/strong><strong> ve <\/strong><strong>\u0636\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0645<\/strong><strong> gibi. <\/strong>T\u00fcm misallerde ilk kelime d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc baptan, ikincisi be\u015finci baptan gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131:<\/strong>\u0635\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0631 &nbsp;ve \u0645\u0650\u0644\u0652\u062d gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064f\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131:<\/strong>\u062d\u064f\u0631\u0651 &nbsp;ve \u0635\u064f\u0644\u0628 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131:<\/strong>\u0641\u064e\u0631\u0650\u062d &nbsp;ve \u0646\u064e\u062c\u0650\u0633 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131:<\/strong>\u0635\u064e\u0627\u062d\u0628 &nbsp;ve \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131:<\/strong>\u0628\u064e\u062e\u0650\u064a\u0644 &nbsp;ve \u0643\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0645 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064c kal\u0131b\u0131 hem masdar hem ism-i fail veya mef\u2019ul hem de s\u0131fat-\u0131 m\u00fc\u015febbehe olarak gelebilir. \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0633 manas\u0131ndaki \u062c\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0633, \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0645 manas\u0131ndaki \u062d\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0645; \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0639 manas\u0131ndaki \u0628\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0639 buna \u00f6rnektir. \u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131nda olan bir kelime ism-i fail, mef\u2019ul veya s\u0131fat- m\u00fc\u015fsebbehe manas\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcennes (di\u015fil) s\u00eegas\u0131nda te\u2019nis t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131 al\u0131r. \u0631\u064e\u062d\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0629 kelimelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi. E\u011fer ism-i mef\u2019ul manas\u0131nda olursa, bu durumda vas\u0131fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feye tabi oldu\u011funda erillik ve di\u015fillik e\u015fittir. \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062c\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u062d ve \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d misallerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130sm-i tefdil<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayn\u0131 vas\u0131ftaki iki \u015feyin birbirinden daha nitelikli oldu\u011funu ifade etmek i\u00e7in masdardan t\u00fcretilen bir isimdir. \u0623\u062d\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0651 (daha g\u00fczel, daha sevimli) kelimesi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kal\u0131b\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130sm-i tefdilin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda kural, \u0623\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00fczere gelmesidir. \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645 ve \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0638\u064e\u0645 gibi. Bununla birlikte hemzesiz olan \u00fc\u00e7 kelime (\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0628\u064c\u0651) \u015faz olarak gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130sm-i tefdilde aranan \u015fartlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Bir fiili olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Fiil s\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee olmal\u0131d\u0131r: Yine de baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131ndan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ism-i tefdil getirilmesini uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Fiil m\u00fctesarrif (\u00e7ekimli) olmal\u0131d\u0131r: \u0639\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0649 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0633\u064e Fiilleri bu \u015fartla kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. \u0130fade etti\u011fi durum farkl\u0131l\u0131k ve de\u011fi\u015fim kab\u00fcl etmelidir. \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064e\u0646\u0650\u0649 (\u00f6ld\u00fc ve yok oldu) fiilleri bu \u015fartla d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. Fiil tam olmal\u0131d\u0131r: Bu \u015fartla bir olay, durum ifade etmedikleri i\u00e7in nak\u0131s fiiller d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. Fiili menfi olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Getirilecek ism-i tefdil, m\u00fcennesi \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0621 olan \u0623\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131nda olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kal\u0131p bir rengi, ay\u0131b\u0131 veya fizik\u00ee \u00f6zellik gibi bir vasf\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tefdiliyete (ba\u015fka \u015feye \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulmaya) m\u00fcsait olamayacakt\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen Kufeliler \u0623\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644 kal\u0131b\u0131nda her durumda ism-i tefdil getirirler. M\u00fctenebb\u00ee\u2019nin \u015fiiri bu kabildendir: \u0623\u0628\u0652\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0650\u062f\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0628\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f &#8230; \u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0638\u064f\u0651\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0650<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. Geldi\u011fi fiil me\u00e7hul kal\u0131pta olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu durumda mal\u00fcm kal\u0131ptan gelenle kar\u0131\u015fma ihtimali vard\u0131r: \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064c \u0623\u062e\u0652\u0635\u064e\u0631\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 gibi \u0627\u062e\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0631\u064e me\u00e7hul fiilinden gelen ism-i tefdiller \u015faz olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130sm-i zaman ve \u0130sm-i mekan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Olay\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme zaman\u0131n\u0131 veya mekan\u0131n\u0131 anlatan isimlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee m\u00fccerred baplarda:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>a. <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelenler: <\/strong>Fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eenin ayne\u2019l f\u00eelinin (orta harfinin) zammeli veya fethal\u0131 gelmesi&nbsp; veya lame\u2019l f\u00eelinin (son harfinin) illetli olmas\u0131 durumda bu kal\u0131pta gelir.\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064e\u0631\u064e\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0630\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064e\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e\u060c &nbsp;ism-i zaman ve ism-i mekanlar\u0131 gibi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b. <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelenler:<\/strong> Fiil-i muz\u00e2r\u00eenin ayne\u2019l f\u00eelinin kesreli olmas\u0131 veya ilk harfinin illetli olmas\u0131 durumunda bu kal\u0131ptan gelir. \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0639\u0650\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0644 kal\u0131plar\u0131 bu k\u0131sm\u0131n \u00f6rnekleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. S\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee m\u00fccerred d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki baplarda:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130sm-i mef\u2019ul kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelir. \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062c \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u00f6rnekleri gibi. Bu kal\u0131plarda, hatta baz\u0131 s\u00fcl\u00e2s\u00ee baplarda bile ism-i zaman, mekan ve mimli masdarlar ayn\u0131 gelir. Aralar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 karineyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. O da yoksa zamana, mekana ve masdara uygun demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt;&nbsp; \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0650\u062f &nbsp;\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0650\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0650\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0650\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0650\u062a gibi kesreli gelen ism-i zaman ve ism-i mekanlar\u0131n, k\u0131yasa g\u00f6re fethal\u0131 gelmesi gerekti\u011fi i\u00e7in istisna olduklar\u0131 belirtilir.&nbsp;<br><br>&gt; \u00c7o\u011fu zaman c\u00e2mid isimler &nbsp;\u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0629 kal\u0131b\u0131nda ism-i mekan yap\u0131l\u0131rlar. Ama\u00e7, bir \u015feyin s\u00f6zkonusu mekanda \u00e7ok oldu\u011funu ifade etmektir. \u0645\u064e\u0623\u0652\u0633\u064e\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062e\u0629 (aslan yuvas\u0131, y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi ve karpuz yeri) kelimeleri gibi. Bunlar&nbsp; \u0623\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0633\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0650\u0651\u064a\u062e c\u00e2mid isimlerinden yapmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; \u0130sm-i mekana bazen tenis t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131 gelebilir. \u0645\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0629 kelimelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130sm-i \u00e2let<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015fin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 aleti anlatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in masdardan t\u00fcretilen isimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelenler: <\/strong>\u0645\u0650\u062d\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0628\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0637 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelenler:<\/strong> \u0645\u0650\u0641\u0652\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0642\u0652\u0631\u0627\u0636 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0629<\/strong><strong> kal\u0131b\u0131nda gelenler: <\/strong>\u0645\u0650\u0643\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0642\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0629 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt;&nbsp; \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0647\u064f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0652\u062d\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0629 kal\u0131plar\u0131 kural d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131la gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; Alet isimleri kurals\u0131z bi\u00e7imde \u00e7e\u015fitli c\u00e2mid isim kal\u0131plar\u0131nda gelebilirler: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u062f\u064f\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0643\u064a\u0646 &nbsp;(balta, keser ve b\u0131\u00e7ak) kelimeleri bunlara \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130sm-i Tes\u011f\u00eer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir \u015feyin zat\u0131n\u0131 veya miktar\u0131n\u0131 az\u0131msamak, vasf\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemek, zaman veya mekan\u0131n\u0131 yakla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla masdardan t\u00fcretilmi\u015f isimlerdir. \u0643\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0628 &nbsp;\u060c \u062f\u064f\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0631\u064f\u062c\u064e\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u064f\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u062f (Postan\u0131n hemen alt\u0131nda, ikindinin hemen \u00f6ncesi, adamc\u0131k, dirhemcikler ve k\u00f6pekcik) misallerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tes\u011fir kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0644<\/strong><strong> : <\/strong>(\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u0641\u064f\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0633)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0639\u0650\u0644<\/strong><strong> : <\/strong>(\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u062f\u064f\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650\u0645)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644<\/strong><strong> : <\/strong>(\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u062f\u064f\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0631)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tes\u011fir edilecek ismin \u015fartlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. \u0130sim olmal\u0131: Buna g\u00f6re fiil ve harf tes\u011fir kal\u0131b\u0131na sokulamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Harfe benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131mamal\u0131: Buna g\u00f6re zamirler, m\u00fcbhem isimler; \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 &nbsp;ve \u0643\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0641\u064e gibiler tes\u011fir edilmez. Baz\u0131 ism-i mevsullerin ve ism-i i\u015faretlerin bu kal\u0131ba sokulmas\u0131 \u015fazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Normalde ism-i tes\u011fir kal\u0131b\u0131na benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131mamal\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re \u0634\u064f\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0637\u0650\u0631 gibi isimler tes\u011fir edilmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Mana olarak tes\u011fir uygun d\u00fc\u015fecek. Bu durumda Allah\u2019\u0131n, peygamberlerin ve meleklerin isimleri gibi kutsall\u0131k ifade eden isimler tes\u011fir edilemez. \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 ve \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 gibi do\u011frudan b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck bildiren kelimeler de b\u00f6yledir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. B\u00fcy\u00fck san\u0131lan\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmesi: \u00d6rne\u011fin \u062c\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0644 kelimesinin \u062c\u064f\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0644 \u015feklinde tes\u011firi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. De\u011ferli san\u0131lan\u0131n de\u011fersizle\u015ftirilmesi: \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0631 kelimesinin \u0634\u064f\u0648\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0631 \u015feklinde tes\u011firi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u00c7ok san\u0131lan\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131: \u00d6rne\u011fin \u062f\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645 kelimesinin \u062f\u064f\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u015feklinde tes\u011firi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Uzak veya uzun oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan\u0131n yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644 kelimesinin \u0642\u064f\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0644 \u015feklinde; \u0633\u0627\u0639\u064e\u0629 kelimesinin \u0633\u064f\u0648\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0629 \u015feklinde tes\u011firleri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. Sevgi ve \u015fefkat bildirilmesi: \u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064e\u062e\u060c \u062d\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0628 kelimelerinin \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062e\u064e\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064f\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0628 \u015feklinde tes\u011fir edilmeleri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130sm<\/strong>&#8211;<strong>i mensup<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aidiyyet ifade etsin diye sonuna \u015feddeli y\u00e2 getirilen isimdir. Bu ama\u00e7la normal bir isimde \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr de\u011fi\u015fiklik meydana gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Lafz\u00ee de\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong> Y\u00e2\u2019dan \u00f6nceki harfin kesrelenmesi ve irab\u0131n y\u00e2\u2019ya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Manev\u00ee de\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong> Nisbetin kullan\u0131lan \u015feyde isimli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi: \u0642\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0628\u064a\u064f\u0651 dedi\u011fimizde bu s\u00f6zkonusu alimin \u00f6zel ismi gibi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. H\u00fckm\u00ee de\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong> Kendinden sonra gelen kelimeyi fail alarak raf etmesi: \u0645\u0631\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0631\u062c\u064f\u0644\u064d \u0642\u064f\u0631\u0634\u0650\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064f dedi\u011fimizde \u0623\u0628\u0648 kelimesi \u0642\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0634\u064a\u064d\u0651 ism-i mensubunun failidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Kendisine nisbet yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanan bir ismin sonunda e\u011fer te\u2019nis t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131 varsa hazfedilir. Buna g\u00f6re \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0629 kelimelerini mensup ismi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064c\u0651 deriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Nisbeti m\u00fcennes yapmak istedi\u011fimizde te\u2019nis t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 ekleriz. \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u064c \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0650\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0643\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0629\u064c misalinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Tesniye veya cem\u00ee s\u00e2lime nisbet etmek istedi\u011fimizde tesniye ve cemilik alametlerini atar\u0131z. \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u063a\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0641\u0627\u062a kelimelerinin mensup olduklar\u0131nda \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651\u060c \u063a\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0641\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651\u015fekline girmeleri gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Terk\u00eeb-i mezc\u00eeye nisbet yapmak istedi\u011fimizde terkibin ikinci par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 atar\u0131z. \u062d\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062a kelimesi mensup oldu\u011funda \u062d\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064a\u064c\u0651 denmesi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. Terk\u00eeb-i iz\u00e2f\u00eeye nisbet etmek istedi\u011fimizde muz\u00e2f\u0131 atar, do\u011frudan muz\u00e2f\u00fcn ileyhe nisbet ederiz. \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064d kelimesinin ism-i mensup oldu\u011funda \u0628\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. Kendisinden sonra hemze gelen elif-i memd\u00fbde veya maks\u00fbra ile m\u00fcennes olan kelimede, elif v\u00e2\u2019va d\u00f6ner ve hemze at\u0131l\u0131r. \u0628\u064f\u0635\u0652\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0642\u0627\u0621 kelimelerine nisbet yapmak istedi\u011fimizde \u0628\u064f\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0648\u064a\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0650\u064a\u064c deriz. Elif te\u2019nis i\u00e7in olmazsa kelime asl\u0131 \u00fczere kal\u0131r. \u0642\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0643\u0650\u0633\u0627\u0621 kelimelerinde \u0642\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0650\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064c\u0651 denmesi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Y\u00e2 ile biten isimlerde nisbet kal\u0131b\u0131nda iki y\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in y\u00e2 vav\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0639\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u064d\u0651\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a\u064d\u0651kelimelerinde \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0648\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0648\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651 dememiz gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. Cemi bir laf\u0131za nisbet etmek istedi\u011fimizde cemi haline de m\u00fcfred haline de nisbet yapabiliriz. \u0641\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0636 kelimesi \u0641\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0636\u064a\u064c\u0651 cemi \u015feklinde de \u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651 m\u00fcfred \u015feklinde de ism-i mensup olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; Yine de ism-i mensubun kural d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Ancak nakille bunlar\u0131 bilebiliriz. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u064a b\u00f6lgesine nisbetin \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u015feklinde, \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0648 b\u00f6lgesine nisbetin \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u015feklinde olmas\u0131 bu t\u00fcr \u015faz \u00f6rneklerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"TESNIYE_VE_CEMI_ISIM_KALIPLARI\"><strong>TESN\u0130YE VE CEM\u0130 \u0130S\u0130M KALIPLARI<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tesniye yap\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130smin tesniye kal\u0131b\u0131na sokulmas\u0131 elif veya y\u00e2 almas\u0131 ve sonuna kesreli nun\u2019un getirilmesiyle olur. \u0631\u064e\u062c\u064f\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d terkibinin tesniyesi raf halinde \u0631\u062c\u064f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0650, nasp ve cer halinde ise \u0631\u062c\u064f\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0646\u0650 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650 \u015feklindedir. Sondaki de\u011fi\u015fimler irap oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in nahiv ilminde ele al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cemi yap\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Cem\u00ee m\u00fczekker s\u00e2lim: <\/strong>Bir ismin bu kal\u0131ba sokulmas\u0131 vav veya y\u00e2 eklenip sonuna fethal\u0131 nun getirilmesiyle olur. \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0645 ve \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0650\u0646 m\u00fcfredlerinin cemisi \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064e ve&nbsp; \u0645\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u015feklindedir. T\u0131pk\u0131 tesniyede oldu\u011fu gibi nasp ve cer halinde vav y\u00e2\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Fark, tesniyede hareke, burada s\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e kelimelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Cem\u00ee m\u00fcennes s\u00e2lim: <\/strong>Bu t\u00fcr ceminin yap\u0131m\u0131, sona elif\u2019in ve uzun t\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n getirilmesiyle olur. \u0632\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0629 terkibinin cemisi buna g\u00f6re \u0632\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0650\u062f\u0627\u062a \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Cem\u00ee teks\u00eer: <\/strong>M\u00fcfred halinden farkl\u0131 olan cemi t\u00fcrleridir. M\u00fcennes olsun m\u00fczekker olsun cem\u00ee s\u00e2limlerde m\u00fcfred kal\u0131b\u0131 korunurken, cem\u00ee m\u00fckesserlerde kal\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterir. Cem\u00ee teks\u00eer veya m\u00fckesser kal\u0131plar\u0131 iki ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda incelenir: Cem\u00ee k\u0131llet ve cem\u00ee kesret.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>a. Cem\u00ee k\u0131llet: <\/strong>Bunlar \u00fc\u00e7ten ona kadar say\u0131 ifade etmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan d\u00f6rt kal\u0131ba sahiptir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>1. \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064c kal\u0131b\u0131: (\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u064a\u064f\u0646\u064c)<\/p><p>2. \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064c kal\u0131b\u0131: (\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064c)<\/p><p>3. \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064c kal\u0131b\u0131: (\u00f6rn. \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0645\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064c)<\/p><p>4. \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064c kal\u0131b\u0131: (\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u0625\u0650\u062e\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0629\u064c)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b. Cem\u00ee kesret: <\/strong>\u00dc\u00e7ten ba\u015flay\u0131p sonsuz say\u0131ya kadar kullan\u0131lan cemi t\u00fcrleridir. 18 tanesi m\u00fcnteh\u00e2-i cum\u00fb kal\u0131b\u0131, 16 tanesi ise bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki cemi kal\u0131plar\u0131d\u0131r. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00fcnteh\u00e2-i cum\u00fb kal\u0131plar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tam ismiyle s\u00ee\u011fa-i m\u00fcnteh\u00e2-i cum\u00fb, ortas\u0131nda (kendisinden sonra ortas\u0131 sakin iki veya \u00fc\u00e7 harf gelmi\u015f) bir elif bulunan cem\u00ee teks\u00eerlerdir. Vezinleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>1. \u0641\u064e\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u0635\u064e\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064f)<\/p><p>2. &nbsp;\u0641\u064e\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644(\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u062e\u064e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0650\u064a\u0645)<\/p><p>3. &nbsp;\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0644\u064f(\u00f6rn. &nbsp;\u0639\u064e\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0632\u064f)<\/p><p>4. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a (\u00f6rn. \u0641\u064e\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0650\u064a )<\/p><p>5. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0649 (\u00f6rn. \u0639\u064e\u0630\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0649)<\/p><p>6. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651 (\u00f6rn. \u0643\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0651)<\/p><p>7. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u062f\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0645\u064f)<\/p><p>8. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u062f\u064e\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064f)<\/p><p>9. \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u0645\u064e\u0633\u0627\u062c\u0650\u062f\u064f)<\/p><p>10. \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u0645\u064e\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0650\u064a\u062d\u064f)<\/p><p>11. \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064f)<\/p><p>12. \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u0623\u064e\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064f)<\/p><p>13. \u0641\u064e\u064a\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u0642\u064e\u064a\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0631\u064f)<\/p><p>14. \u0641\u064e\u064a\u0627\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u062f\u064e\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064f)<\/p><p>15. \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u062a\u064e\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0628\u064f)<\/p><p>16. \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u062a\u064e\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0650\u064a\u062d\u064f)<\/p><p>17. \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0650\u062f\u064f)<\/p><p>18. \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0639\u064f)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00fcnteh\u00e2-i cum\u00fb d\u0131\u015f\u0131 cem\u00ee teks\u00eer kal\u0131plar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>1. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u062d\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0631\u064c)<\/p><p>2. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0633\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0631\u064c)<\/p><p>3. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0633\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0631\u064c)<\/p><p>4. \u0641\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u062d\u0650\u062c\u064e\u062c\u064c)<\/p><p>5. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u062f\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0629\u064c)<\/p><p>6. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u062e\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0629\u064c)<\/p><p>7. \u0641\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0649 (\u00f6rn. \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0631\u064e\u0649)<\/p><p>8. \u0641\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u062f\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629\u064c)<\/p><p>9. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0631\u064f\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0639\u064c)<\/p><p>10. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064c)<\/p><p>11. \u0641\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u062c\u0650\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064c)<\/p><p>12. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0646\u064f\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0631\u064c)<\/p><p>13. \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u063a\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064c)<\/p><p>14. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064c (\u00f6rn. \u0628\u064f\u0644\u0652\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064c)<\/p><p>15. \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u0631\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0627\u0621\u064f)<\/p><p>16. \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064f (\u00f6rn. \u0623\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0627\u0621\u064f)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>c. \u0130sm-i cem\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cemi manas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden, fakat kendi lafz\u0131ndan bir m\u00fcfredi olmayan isimdir. Yerle\u015fik cemi kurallar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ancak Araplardan i\u015fitmeyle bilinebilir. \u0625\u0650\u0628\u0650\u0644\u060c \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0644\u060c \u063a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0650\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0631\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0637\u060c \u0641\u064e\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0634\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0628\u060c \u062d\u0650\u0632\u0652\u0628\u060c \u0646\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0650\u0633\u0627\u0621. ism-i cem\u00eeleri buna \u00f6rnektir. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>d. \u0130sm-i cins-i cem\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceminin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil de cinsini bildiren laf\u0131zlard\u0131r. M\u00fcfretleri te\u2019nis t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131 veya nisbet y\u00e2\u2019s\u0131yla kendilerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u062a\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631\u060c \u062f\u064e\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0643 cemileri bu kabildendir. Bunlar\u0131n m\u00fcfretleri \u062a\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0643\u064a\u0651 kelimeleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"MUENNESLIK-MUZEKKERLIK_KURALLARI\"><strong>M\u00dcENNESL\u0130K-M\u00dcZEKKERL\u0130K KURALLARI<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kurala dayal\u0131 m\u00fcenneslik:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. M\u00fczekkerlerinden te\u2019nis t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131yla ayr\u0131lanlar:<\/strong> Mesela \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0650\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064e kelimelerinin m\u00fcennes hallerinde \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0650\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644\u0627\u062a deriz. Te\u2019nis t\u00e2\u2019s\u0131nda aslonan m\u00fcfretle beraber kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda biti\u015fik (\u0629) yaz\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle \u00fczerinde duruldu\u011funda ha sesiyle bitebilsin. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Te\u2019nislik bildiren elif-i maksura ile biten isimler:<\/strong> \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0649&nbsp; ve \u0639\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0634\u0649 bunun \u00f6rnekleridir. Maksur isim, sonu asl\u00ee bir elifle biten ve irap kabul eden bu t\u00fcr isimler demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Pe\u015fine bir hemzenin geldi\u011fi te\u2019nis bildiren elif-i memd\u00fbde ile biten isimler: <\/strong>\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621&nbsp; ve \u0635\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u0627\u0621 b\u00f6ylesi bir m\u00fcennestir. Memdud isim, -kendisinden \u00f6nce ek bir elif gelmi\u015f- hemze ile biten bu t\u00fcr isimler demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&gt; Bir kelimenin elif\u2019le m\u00fcenneslik kazanmas\u0131, m\u00fczekkeriyle ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan m\u00fcennes isimlere \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ancak biti\u015fik t\u00e2 (\u0629) b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Onunla m\u00fczekker isimler lafz\u00ee bir m\u00fcenneslik kazan\u0131r. \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 kelimesi buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. M\u00fczekker kal\u0131b\u0131yla m\u00fcennes olarak kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 vas\u0131f isimleri: <\/strong>Bu vas\u0131flar m\u00fczekkerlerde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kar\u0131\u015fma endi\u015fesi ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f, sonu\u00e7ta herhangi bir te\u2019nis alameti getirilmemi\u015ftir. \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0636 ve \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644 m\u00fcennesleri bu k\u0131sma \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. M\u00fcb\u00e2la\u011fa bildiren \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644 vezni \u00fczere gelen kelimelerin, m\u00fczekker kal\u0131b\u0131yla m\u00fcennes yerine&nbsp; kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da t\u00e2 almas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.&nbsp; \u0635\u064e\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064e\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0644\u064e\u0639\u0648\u0628 kelimeleri gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Duyuma dayal\u0131 m\u00fcenneslik:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Sadece m\u00fcennes olarak kullan\u0131lan kelimeler: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064f\u0651\u062d\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0650\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0644\u060c b\u00f6ylesi m\u00fcenneslerdir. \u00c7o\u011fu v\u00fccut uzvu da bu kabildendir: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u064f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0646\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0646\u064f\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0636\u064f\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064e\u0641\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u062e\u0650\u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0642\u0650\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u062c\u0652\u0644 Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde t\u00fcm s\u00f6zl\u00fck harfleri de sim\u00e2\u00ee m\u00fcennestir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Hem m\u00fczekker hem m\u00fcennes olarak kullan\u0131lan isimler: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064f\u0644\u0652\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0643\u0628\u0648\u062a kelimeleri b\u00f6yledir. V\u00fccutta organ ismi olup b\u00f6yle kullan\u0131lanlar vard\u0131r: Mesela \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0650\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062a\u0652\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0641\u0627 kelimeleri b\u00f6yledir. Bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0652\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0628 kelimeleri gibi lafz\u00ee bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmadan m\u00fczekker ve m\u00fcennese kullan\u0131lan isimler de ayn\u0131 kategoridedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>Bu makaleyi okuyanlar i\u00e7in tavsiye yaz\u0131lar:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/sarf-ilmine-giris\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Sarf \u0130lmine Giri\u015f\">Sarf \u0130lmine Giri\u015f<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/ecrumiyye-ve-serhi-et-tuhfetus-seniyye-uzerinden-sematik-nahiv-ilmi-mustafa-ay\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Ecr\u00fbmiyye ve \u015eerhi et-Tuhfet\u00fc\u2019s-Seniyye \u00dczerinden \u015eematik Nahiv \u0130lmi\">\u015eematik Nahiv \u0130lmi<br><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/arapcanin-olcusu-sarf-ilmi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Arap\u00e7an\u0131n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc: Sarf \u0130lmi\">Arap\u00e7an\u0131n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc: Sarf \u0130lmi<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130&ccedil;indekilerTAR\u0130F\u0130KONU ALANISARF \u0130LM\u0130N\u0130N SAHASINA G\u0130RMEYEN KONULARM\u00ceZAN-\u0130 SARF\u00ceF\u0130\u0130LLER\u0130S\u0130MLERTESN\u0130YE VE CEM\u0130 \u0130S\u0130M KALIPLARIM\u00dcENNESL\u0130K-M\u00dcZEKKERL\u0130K KURALLARI TAR\u0130F\u0130 Sarf veya tasrif, s\u00f6zl\u00fckte \u201cde\u011fi\u015fim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Bir ilim olarak sarf veya tasrif ise, \u201cArap\u00e7a kelimelerin yap\u0131sal y\u00f6nlerinin; bu kelimeleri olu\u015fturan harflerin asl\u00ee yahut zaid, sahih ya da illetli, hazifli yahut de\u011fi\u015fimli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesidir.\u201d Bu tarife g\u00f6re sarf, harflerin [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4189,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3890"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3890"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3890\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5030,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3890\/revisions\/5030"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4189"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3890"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3890"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3890"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}