{"id":3905,"date":"2020-09-10T11:29:19","date_gmt":"2020-09-10T08:29:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/?p=3905"},"modified":"2022-10-21T19:34:11","modified_gmt":"2022-10-21T16:34:11","slug":"islamiyet-oncesi-dunya-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/islamiyet-oncesi-dunya-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130slamiyet \u00d6ncesi D\u00fcnya Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#Giris\">Giri\u015f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#1-_Avrupa_Kitasi\">1- Avrupa K\u0131tas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-_Asya_Kitasi\">2- Asya K\u0131tas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-_Afrika_Kitasi\">3- Afrika K\u0131tas\u0131<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Giris\"><strong>Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi mucizevi de\u011fi\u015fimi anlayabilmek ad\u0131na, d\u00fcnya tarihini bir nebze olsun bilmek gerek. Yekten var olageldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri y\u0131k\u0131p yerine yenisini in\u015fa etmek en b\u00fcy\u00fck mucizedir. Eski bir bina tamir g\u00f6rerek yenilenebilir. Temelinden itibaren sa\u011flam kolonlar \u00fczerine oturtulmu\u015f bir binan\u0131n yeniden y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kimse kabul etmez. Bizler bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda \u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda hangi devlet hangi temeller \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f, hangi dini benimsemi\u015f bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli k\u0131ta biliniyordu. Gelin \u015fimdi bu k\u0131talar\u0131 inceleyelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"1-_Avrupa_Kitasi\"><strong>1- Avrupa K\u0131tas\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015fu esnas\u0131nda Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131 ciddi \u00e7alkant\u0131lar i\u00e7erisindeydi. B\u00fcy\u00fck Hun Devleti\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Asya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda (Hazar ve Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc aras\u0131) Hunlara kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n olmas\u0131 ile \u00e7o\u011falan n\u00fcfuz ve kabileler aras\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015fme sebebi ile bat\u0131ya do\u011fru kaymalar ba\u015flad\u0131. Hunlar\u0131n \u00f6nlerine gelen kavimleri yurtlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131, kavimler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn bat\u0131ya do\u011fru kaymas\u0131na sebep oldu. Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan Ostrogotlar, Vizigotlar, Vandallar, Frank, Geomenler, Suevler ve Gepitler Avrupa\u2019ya do\u011fru ilerlemek durumunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bat\u0131ya do\u011fru kaymak zorunda kalan bu devletler kendilerine yeni ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 aramak mecburiyetindeydiler. &nbsp;Ostrogotlar \u0130talya&#8217;ya, Vizigotlar \u0130spanya&#8217;ya, Vandallar Kuzey Afrika&#8217;ya, Franklar Fransa&#8217;ya, Germenler Kuzey Avrupa&#8217;ya ilerledi. Bu ilerleyi\u015fleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kan d\u00f6kt\u00fcler. \u0130spanya ve G\u00fcney Fransa\u2019da taht kavgalar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekteydi. Gotlar\u0131n, Vandallar\u0131n ve di\u011fer Germen kavimlerin s\u00fcrekli ak\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Avrupa \u00e2deta bir harabe h\u00e2lindeydi. Farkl\u0131 devletlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 ile Avrupa\u2019da farkl\u0131 din, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve siyasal de\u011fi\u015fimler de ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daha fazla g\u00f6\u00e7e dayanamayan Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle krall\u0131klar etkisini kaybetti ve feodal rejim (dere\u00adbeylikler) \u00f6nem kazand\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle ilk \u00e7a\u011f kapand\u0131 ve orta \u00e7a\u011f ba\u015flad\u0131. Derebeylik y\u00f6netiminde insanlar hak ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden birbirinden farkl\u0131 d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Soylular: Bunlar b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri olup \u015fatolarda otururlard\u0131. Soyluluk, babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7iyordu. Soylular, askerlik ve devlet i\u015flerinden ba\u015fka i\u015flerle u\u011fra\u015fmazlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Rahipler: Kilise topraklar\u0131nda soylular gibi ya\u015farlard\u0131. Halk&nbsp; \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 vard\u0131.&nbsp; Dini g\u00f6revlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, okullarda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yaparlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Burjuvalar: \u015eehirlerde otururlar, sanat ve ticaretle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lard\u0131. Soylulara belli bir vergi \u00f6derlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler: K\u00f6yl\u00fcler kendi topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ekip bi\u00e7erler, mallar\u0131n\u0131 satabilirler ve ba\u015fka bir yere g\u00f6\u00e7 edebilirlerdi. Ancak soylulara vergi verirler, onlar\u0131n angaryalar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015flerini g\u00f6r\u00fcrlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Avrupa\u2019da dini inan\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fanan insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Hristiyanl\u0131k dinine mensuptu. 395 y\u0131l\u0131nda kavimler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sebebiyle Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Katolik kilisesi, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ise Ortodoks kilisesi \u00f6\u011fretileri \u00fczerine devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Katolik kilisesi, ger\u00e7ek ve do\u011fru Hristiyanl\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelen kilisenin evrenselli\u011fini kabul eden ortak inan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kutsal metinlerin kilise eliyle yorumlanmas\u0131 esas olup bireysel yorum kabul etmezler. Hz. \u0130sa gibi Hz. Meryem\u2019in de g\u00fcnahs\u0131z oldu\u011funa ve g\u00f6\u011fe y\u00fckseldi\u011fine inan\u0131rlar. Onlara g\u00f6re her insan do\u011fu\u015ftan g\u00fcnahk\u00e2rd\u0131r ve en az y\u0131lda iki kez g\u00fcnah itiraf\u0131nda bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130badet dili ise Latincedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Hristiyanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Katolik\u2019tir. Bu d\u00f6nemde kilisenin elinde bir\u00e7ok yetki vard\u0131. Bunlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1- Aforoz: Kilise taraf\u0131ndan verilen cemaatten kovma cezas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2- Enterdi: Papa&#8217;n\u0131n bireyleri, gruplar\u0131, Tanr\u0131&#8217;dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hak ile dinden \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3- Engizisyon Mahkemeleri: Din inan\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gelenleri cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kurulan kilise mahkemelerinin ad\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4- End\u00fcl\u00fcjans: Cennet k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen g\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131karma ve \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra cennete gitmek i\u00e7in Papa&#8217;n\u0131n satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 af belgesidir. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"2-_Asya_Kitasi\"><strong>2- Asya K\u0131tas\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Asya k\u0131tas\u0131nda Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Sasaniler, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Hindistan, \u00c7in ve Japonya devleti ile beraber alt\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet h\u00e2kimdi. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A- Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, di\u011fer bir ismi ile Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Yunanistan, Balkanlar, Suriye, Filistin, Akdeniz Havzas\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019ya h\u00fckmediyordu. Ba\u015fkenti <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS29uc3RhbnRpbm9wb2xpcw\">Konstantinopolis<\/a> (\u0130stanbul) olan \u00fclke yakla\u015f\u0131k bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Herakleios zaman\u0131nda (610\u2013641) &nbsp;Latince yerine Yunanca resm\u00ee dil olarak ilan edildi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda imparatorluk bat\u0131da Avar ve Slavlarla, do\u011fuda ise Sasaniler ile m\u00fccadele halinde idi. Boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131ndaki halklara zul\u00fcm eder, \u00fczerlerindeki vergiyi art\u0131rarak onlara zorluk \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun neticesi olarak her yerde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ve ba\u015fkald\u0131rmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Suriyeliler, \u00fczerlerinde biriken vergi bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kapatabilmek ad\u0131na \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 dahi satmak mecburiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcndelik ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131 oyun, sarho\u015fluk, e\u011flence ve israf \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSS5fS29uc3RhbnRpbg\">I. Konstantin<\/a>&nbsp;(324\u2013337) taraf\u0131ndan Hristiyanl\u0131k dini yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Ortodoks kilisesinin \u00f6\u011fretileri \u00fczerine devam etmekteydi. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSS5fVGhlb2Rvc2l1cw\">I. Theodosius<\/a>&nbsp;(379\u2013395) d\u00f6neminde, Hristiyanl\u0131k \u00fclkenin&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRGV2bGV0X2Rpbmk\">devlet dini<\/a>&nbsp;olarak kabul edildi ve&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3cvaW5kZXgucGhwP3RpdGxlPUkuX1RoZW9kb3NpdXNfZCVDMyVCNm5lbWluZGVfSHJpc3RpeWFubCVDNCVCMWtfdGFyYWYlQzQlQjFuZGFuX3BhZ2FuaXptZV95JUMzJUI2bmVsaWtfenVsJUMzJUJDbSZhY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE\">di\u011fer dinler yasakland\u0131<\/a>. \u0130mparatorluk, \u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Hristiyan devleti konumundayd\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B- Sasaniler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sasaniler, di\u011fer bir ismiyle \u0130kinci Pers \u0130mparotorlu\u011fu, \u0130ran\u2019da 226 y\u0131l\u0131nda kuruldu. Kurucular\u0131 Arde\u015fir, ba\u015fkentleri Medain\u2019dir. Sasaniler Suriye \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcnden Kuzeybat\u0131 Hindistan\u2019a kadar yay\u0131lmaktayd\u0131lar. \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nu kapatmalar\u0131, Sasanilerin G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerle aralar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Sasanilere kar\u015f\u0131 Bizans ile ittifak yapt\u0131lar. Sasaniler, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin ve Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu iyice y\u0131prand\u0131lar. \u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130mparatorlukta taht kavgalar\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zerd\u00fc\u015ft taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran\u2019da kurulan Mecusilik (Zerd\u00fc\u015ft) dinini benimsemekteydiler. Zerd\u00fc\u015ft dokunulmayan, i\u015fitilmeyen ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen varl\u0131\u011fa inanc\u0131 \u00f6\u011freten bir dini liderdi. Tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 varl\u0131k ise Ahura Mazda idi.&nbsp; D\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm iyilikleri yaratan tek Us Tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nan\u00e7 esaslar\u0131nda Ahura Mazda her \u015feyi bilen, mutlak iyi ve m\u00fckemmel tanr\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131r. Ehriman ise k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lerini temsil etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ate\u015f temizleyici, k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir unsur olarak kabul edilirdi. Safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve temizli\u011fi temsil ederdi. Geleneksek olarak Mecusiler yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn insan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla bozulmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00fczden \u00f6l\u00fclerin cesetlerini defnetmek yerine \u00fcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k kulelerin \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131nda, akbaba ve do\u011fal etkenlere kar\u015f\u0131 korumas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde b\u0131rak\u0131rlard\u0131. Arap yar\u0131madas\u0131nda bulunan Mecusiler \u00e7o\u011funlukla Bahreyn, Yemen ve Umman\u2019da oturan \u0130ranl\u0131lardan ibaretti. \u0130ran\u2019a yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle Bahreyn\u2019deki Mecusiler say\u0131ca daha fazlayd\u0131.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C- Hindistan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hindistan, Asya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde yer alan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yar\u0131madad\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0131rk, din ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrler var oldu\u011fundan siyasi birlik sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet kurulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hindistan\u2019da siyasi bir birlik kurulamamas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden bir di\u011feri ise ilk \u00e7a\u011fdan beri istilaya u\u011framas\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir sebep ise halk\u0131 sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flara ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olan kast sistemidir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>1- Brahmanlar:&nbsp; Din adamlar\u0131.<br>2- Kshatriyalar: H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar, komutanlar ve askerler.<br>3- Vaisyalar: Sanatk\u00e2rlar, t\u00fcccarlar ve \u00e7ift\u00e7iler.<br>4- Sudralar: \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler. De\u011fi\u015fik nedenlerle kast sisteminin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na itilmi\u015f olanlara da Parya s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 denir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Hindistan alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Gupta Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (320-550) d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gupta Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde siyasi birlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQmlsaW0\">bilim<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTWF0ZW1hdGlr\">matematik<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRyVDMyVCNmtiaWxpbQ\">g\u00f6kbilim<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRGlu\">din<\/a>&nbsp;ve felsefe ilimlerinde ilerleme kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n, Arabistan ve \u00c7in ile canl\u0131 bir ticar\u00ee ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 mevcuttu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu co\u011frafyada Hinduizm dini egemendi. Kast sistemini benimseyen Hinduizm\u2019de en \u00fcst mevkide Brahman deniler bir din adam\u0131 yer al\u0131rd\u0131. Bu dine g\u00f6re insan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyi veya k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n neticesinde ruhu rahat eder veya s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olurdu. Ruhunun rahat etmesi i\u00e7in isteklerinden vazge\u00e7ip yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tercih etmesi gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hinduizm\u2019e yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bilinen Hindistan\u2019daki bir di\u011fer dini inan\u00e7 ise Budizm\u2019dir. Budizm, be\u015finci as\u0131rda Nepal\u2019de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Buda\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretilerine dayan\u0131r. M\u00fcntesiplerinin arzu ve isteklerinden soyutlanabilmeleri i\u00e7in hayatlar\u0131 ac\u0131 ve \u0131st\u0131rap doludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D- G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk devleti (552) Asya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda, \u00c7in devletinin bat\u0131s\u0131nda, Sasani-\u0130ran devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Asya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda meydana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kurucusu Avar devletine son veren Bumin Ka\u011fan\u2019d\u0131r. Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra tahta Mukan Ka\u011fan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Mukan Ka\u011fan zaman\u0131nda devlet muazzam geni\u015fli\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in \u0130mparatoru ile evlendirerek \u00c7in \u0130mparatori\u00e7esi yapm\u0131\u015f ve \u00c7in\u2019in t\u00fcm zenginliklerinin \u00fclkesine akmas\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra ise tahta karde\u015fi Taspar Ka\u011fan (572-581) ge\u00e7ti. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk devleti 581&#8217;de \u00c7in&#8217;in siyasi oyunlar\u0131yla Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Do\u011fu G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkleri 630&#8217;da, Bat\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkleri 659&#8217;da \u00c7in&#8217;in egemenli\u011fini kabul etmi\u015fti. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk devletini farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli husus k\u00f6lelik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6ktanr\u0131 dinine mensup olan G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, inan\u00e7 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kendilerine devlet kurma g\u00f6revinin verildi\u011fine inan\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E- \u00c7in<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7in G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da yer alan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devletti. \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler ile m\u00fccadele halinde olan devlet, bir yandan da taht kavgalar\u0131 ile u\u011fra\u015fmaktayd\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019de de halk sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi \u00c7in\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7 dine rastlamaktay\u0131z. Bunlar; Konf\u00fc\u00e7yanizm, Taoizm ve Budizm\u2019dir. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTSVDMyU5Nl81NTE\">M\u00d6 551<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTSVDMyU5Nl80Nzk\">479<\/a>&nbsp;y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS29uZiVDMyVCQyVDMyVBN3klQzMlQkNz\">Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs<\/a>, bir bilgin ve&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikizeroo.com\/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly90ci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU29zeWFsX2ZlbHNlZmU\">sosyal filozoftu<\/a>. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fine inanan, devletin ahlak kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde hareket etti\u011fi takdirde geli\u015fece\u011fini savunan ve her ferdin erdemli ve d\u00fcr\u00fcst ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlulu\u011funa kani olan biriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taoizm kurucusu ise Lao Tsu\u2019dur. Lao Tsu evrenin bir yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n eseri oldu\u011funa ve bu yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n da Tao oldu\u011funa inan\u0131rd\u0131. Ama m\u00fc\u015fahhas bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir. O, her \u015feye hayat ve hareket veren, kendi kendine var olan ve yaratand\u0131. \u015eekilsiz ve m\u00fckemmel oland\u0131. Hindistan\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Budizm ise 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in\u2019de de yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"3-_Afrika_Kitasi\"><strong>3- Afrika K\u0131tas\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n iki \u00f6nemli devleti vard\u0131. Bunlardan biri kuzey k\u0131sm\u0131na h\u00e2kim olan Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, di\u011feri ise Habe\u015fistan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ismi ile Etiyopya\u2019d\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlerinde, Habe\u015fistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkentinde sadece karde\u015f kavgalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. &nbsp;Habe\u015fistan ile Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131 aras\u0131nda siyasi ve ticari m\u00fcnasebetler vard\u0131. Din bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise Hristiyanl\u0131k dini yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halk aras\u0131nda hayli putperest mevcuttu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Arabistan Asya, Afrika ve Avrupa k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lgede yer alan bir yar\u0131madad\u0131r. Do\u011fusunda Basra K\u00f6rfezi ve Uman Denizi, g\u00fcneyinde Hint Okyanusu, bat\u0131s\u0131nda ise K\u0131z\u0131l Deniz yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten \u00f6nce Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda belli bir siyasi sisteme rastlamak pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Yar\u0131madan\u0131n tamam\u0131 bir merkezde birle\u015fmemekle beraber, farkl\u0131 devletlere ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 beldelerinde ise kabileler m\u00fcstakil bir \u015fekilde varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Araplarda bedevi ve hadar\u00ee olmak \u00fczeri iki ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 vard\u0131. Bedevi; \u00e7\u00f6l ve vahalarda develeriyle birlikte konar-g\u00f6\u00e7er olarak \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda ya\u015fayanlara denir. K\u00f6y, kasaba ve \u015fehirlerde yerle\u015fik hayat ya\u015fayanlara da hadar\u00ee denir. Ticaret i\u00e7in hac d\u00f6neminde kurulan panay\u0131rlar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Tar\u0131m\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k da Araplar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli gelir kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Araplarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr yerine s\u00f6zl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 yaz\u0131ya \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verilmezdi. \u015eiir b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi halde bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ilmi geli\u015fmeden s\u00f6z etmek kolay de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanlar aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131 ve s\u0131rf ten renklerinden dolay\u0131 hor g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Araplar aras\u0131nda her ne kadar putperestlik inanc\u0131 yayg\u0131n olsa da Yahudilik, Hristiyanl\u0131k ve Mecusilik dinine mensup kabileler de mevcuttu. Bir de bu dinlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Hanif dinine mensup olanlar vard\u0131, ama bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 parmak ile say\u0131lacak kadar azd\u0131. Genel olarak \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeni bu halde idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><strong>Bu makaleyi okuyanlar i\u00e7in tavsiye yaz\u0131:<\/strong> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/hz-peygamber-oncesi-mekke-ve-arabistan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Hz. Peygamber \u00d6ncesi Mekke ve Arabistan\">&#8220;Hz. Peygamber \u00d6ncesi Mekke ve Arabistan&#8221;<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130&ccedil;indekilerGiri\u015f1- Avrupa K\u0131tas\u01312- Asya K\u0131tas\u01313- Afrika K\u0131tas\u0131 Giri\u015f \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi mucizevi de\u011fi\u015fimi anlayabilmek ad\u0131na, d\u00fcnya tarihini bir nebze olsun bilmek gerek. Yekten var olageldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri y\u0131k\u0131p yerine yenisini in\u015fa etmek en b\u00fcy\u00fck mucizedir. Eski bir bina tamir g\u00f6rerek yenilenebilir. Temelinden itibaren sa\u011flam kolonlar \u00fczerine oturtulmu\u015f bir binan\u0131n yeniden y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kimse kabul etmez. Bizler [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":4295,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[599],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3905"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3905"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3905\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5243,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3905\/revisions\/5243"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3905"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}