{"id":4031,"date":"2020-09-12T10:49:58","date_gmt":"2020-09-12T07:49:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/?p=4031"},"modified":"2022-09-29T22:48:00","modified_gmt":"2022-09-29T19:48:00","slug":"islami-ilimler-literaturune-giris-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/islami-ilimler-literaturune-giris-i\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130slami \u0130limler Literat\u00fcr\u00fcne Giri\u015f -1-"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#Ilimlerin_Tasnif_veya_Taksimi_Meselesi\">\u0130limlerin Tasnif veya Taksimi Meselesi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Ilimlerin_Tedvini\">\u0130limlerin Tedvini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Tefsir_8211_Ulumul_Kuran\">Tefsir &#8211; Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l Kuran<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Hadis_8211_Ulumul_Hadis\">Hadis &#8211; Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l Hadis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Ilimlerin_Tasnif_veya_Taksimi_Meselesi\"><strong>\u0130limlerin Tasnif veya Taksimi Meselesi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c2limlerimiz ilimleri muhtelif nokta-i nazarlardan farkl\u0131 taksime tabi tutmu\u015flar. Ke\u015f\u015faf\u00fc Ist\u0131lah\u00e2ti\u2019l F\u00fcn\u00fbn\u2019da Tehanevi nazari-ameli, \u00e2li (ba\u015fka bir ilme arac\u0131)-\u011fayri \u00e2li, \u015feri-\u011fayri \u015feri ve akli-nakli gibi taksimlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsederken, bir ba\u015fka literat\u00fcrist Ta\u015fk\u00f6pr\u00fczade el-Miftah\u2019ta varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kitabet, ibare, zihin ve somut (a\u2019y\u00e2n) mertebeleri \u00fczerinden tasnif metodunu izler. Ebdec\u00fc\u2019l-Ul\u00fbm sahibi S\u0131dd\u0131k el-G\u0131nnevci\u2019nin de tercihe \u015fayan buldu\u011fu bu metoda g\u00f6re, ilk \u00fc\u00e7 katagoridekiler alet ilimleri,&nbsp; a\u2019y\u00e2n katagorisi ise nazari-ameli (tahsilden maksad do\u011frudan kendisi olan ve olmayan) ve yine herbiri \u015feri-akli olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u015feri ve hikemi ilimlerdir. Ta\u015fk\u00f6pr\u00fczade mevzuu, m\u00fcsennafat\u0131 ve isimleri tetebbu ettikten sonra ilimlerin totalde 150 neviye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve say\u0131n\u0131n daha da artabilece\u011fini kaydeder. (bkz. Ebdec\u00fc\u2019l Ul\u00fbm, S\u0131dd\u0131k bin Hasen el-G\u0131nnevci)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lmin birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir\u00e7ok meseleyi havi m\u00fcstakil b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kimi zaman belli meselelere de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0131st\u0131lah farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katarsak, tasnif-i ul\u00fbm meselesindeki ihtilaf\u0131 anlayabiliriz. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan yaz\u0131da konvansiyonel katagorilendirmeyi bir kenara b\u0131rakarak, \u015feri ilimler deyince bug\u00fcn anla\u015f\u0131lan tefsir, hadis, f\u0131k\u0131h ve akaidin ve bunlar\u0131n us\u00fcl ilimlerinin do\u011fu\u015flar\u0131ndan bahsedece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Ilimlerin_Tedvini\"><strong>\u0130limlerin Tedvini<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar halinde ilimlere ge\u00e7meden evvel \u015fu bilgiyi tazeleyelim: \u0130lk as\u0131rda bildi\u011fimiz anlamda hi\u00e7bir ilim tedvin ve telif edilmemi\u015fti. Mal\u00fcmat sat\u0131rlarda de\u011fil, sad\u0131rlardayd\u0131. \u2018Genel anlamda\u2019 Kuran-\u0131 Kerim d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir\u015feyin yaz\u0131yla kaydedilmesine bizzat nebevi emirle m\u00fcsaade edilmezdi: \u201cBenden (Kuran d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) bir \u015fey yazmay\u0131n. Kim benden Kuran d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u015fey yazm\u0131\u015fsa, derhal silsin. Benden s\u00f6z (hadis) aktarmaya gelince, bunda sorun yok, yapabilirsiniz. Ama kim bana s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fim bir s\u00f6z\u00fc isnad ederse, cehennemde yerini haz\u0131rlas\u0131n.\u201d (M\u00fcslim) Kuran\u2019la ba\u015fka bir \u015feyin kar\u0131\u015fma endi\u015fesinden oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan bu genel ihtar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Abdullah bin Amr bin As gibi bizzat Efendimiz Aleyhisselam\u0131n \u201cyaz, can\u0131m elinde olana andolsun ki, ([a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret ederek] ondan veya) benden ancak hak s\u00f6z \u00e7\u0131kar\u201d (Ahmed, Ebu Davud) onay\u0131yla dediklerini kaydetti\u011fi sayfalar\u0131n (Sahife-i sad\u0131ka) bulunmas\u0131, tedvin ba\u011flam\u0131nda s\u00f6zlediklerimize engel te\u015fkil etmez. Benzer sayfalar\u0131n Sad bin Ubade ve Abdullah bin Ebi Evfa\u2019da da mevcut oldu\u011fu kaydedilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sahabenin dini mal\u00fcmat\u0131 h\u0131fz ve rivayet yoluyla muhafazas\u0131, Hazreti Ali devrine kadar devam eder. Bizzat halifenin Ebu\u2019l Esved ed-D\u00fceli\u2019yi nahiv ilmine dair bir tak\u0131m kurallar\u0131 yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irmekle g\u00f6revlendirmesi, ilimlerin tedvin ve telif s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flat\u0131r. Hemen akabinde Emeviler d\u00f6neminde \u00d6mer bin Abdulaziz\u2019in hadislerin kitapta toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemesiyle ivme kazanan s\u00fcre\u00e7, Abbasiler devrinde \u00f6zellikle arabiyat ve felsefiyat sadedinde zirveye var\u0131r. Bu k\u0131sa hat\u0131rlatmadan sonra tefsirle ilimler \u00f6zeline girelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Tefsir_8211_Ulumul_Kuran\"><strong>Tefsir &#8211; Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l Kuran<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tefsiri ve daha genel \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131yla Kuran ilimlerini \u00f6nceleyi\u015fimizin nedeni, ba\u015fka b\u00fct\u00fcn ilim ve hatta fehimlerin Kuran-\u0131 Kerim menba\u0131ndan beslenmesidir. Abdullah \u0130bni Mesud radiyallah\u00fc anh, \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u201ckim ilim istiyorsa Kuran\u2019\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rs\u0131n. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6ncekilerin ve sonrakilerin ilmi ondad\u0131r\u201d buyurur. (Beyhaki, Medhal; \u0130bni M\u00fcbarek, Z\u00fchd) Yine \u0130mam \u015eafii : \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u201c\u00fcmmetin b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6yledikleri S\u00fcnnet\u2019in, S\u00fcnnet\u2019in b\u00fct\u00fcn ortaya koyduklar\u0131 Kuran\u2019\u0131n, Kuran\u2019\u0131n her\u015feyi de Allah\u2019\u0131n esmai h\u00fcsn\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u00fcce s\u0131fatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015ferhidir\u201d der. (Zerke\u015fi, el-Burhan fi Ul\u00fbmi\u2019l Kuran)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l Kuran terkibi, esbab-\u0131 n\u00fcz\u00fcl, nasih ve mensuh, muhkem ve m\u00fcte\u015fabih, m\u00fc\u015fkil ve garip, emsal, ahk\u00e2m, irap, k\u0131raat ve fezail gibi pek \u00e7ok alt-ilmi i\u00e7ine alan bir ilimler menzumesi. Ez-Zerke\u015fi el-Burhan\u2019da 47 Kuran ilmini tafsilatland\u0131r\u0131rken, kad\u0131 Ebubekir \u0130bni Arabi\u2019nin Kuran ilimlerinin 77450 kadar oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc nakleder. Bu say\u0131, Kuran-\u0131 Kerim c\u00fcmlelerinin d\u00f6rtle \u00e7arp\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tefsirden \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir yelpazeye sahip olan Ulum\u00fc\u2019l Kuran alan\u0131nda ilk m\u00fcstakil tedvin, hicri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc as\u0131rda Muhammed bin Halef el-Mirzeban\u2019\u0131n (309) kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 el-Hav\u00ee fi Ul\u00fbmil Kur\u00e2n kitab\u0131d\u0131r. 27 c\u00fczden olu\u015fan el-Havi\u2019nin pe\u015fine, yazar\u0131n as\u0131rda\u015f\u0131 Ebubekir el-Enbari\u2019nin (328) Ac\u00e2ib-i Ul\u00fbmi\u2019l Kur\u00e2n\u2019\u0131 gelir. Hicri alt\u0131nc\u0131 as\u0131rda \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l Cevzi\u2019nin (597) F\u00fcn\u00fbn\u00fc\u2019l Efn\u00e2n fi Ul\u00fbmil Kuran\u2019\u0131yla geli\u015fen Kuran ilimleri, nihayet sekizinci as\u0131rda Bedreddin Zerke\u015fi\u2019nin (794) el-Burhan fi Ul\u00fbmil Kuran kitab\u0131yla kemal bulur. Zerke\u015fi Kuran ilimleri sahas\u0131nda Suyuti\u2019nin (911) el-\u0130tkan\u2019\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere kendisinden sonraki eserleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bi\u00e7imlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yekpare bir ilim veya ilimler menzumesi olarak ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l Kuran\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu b\u00f6yle olmakla birlikte, alt-ilimler noktas\u0131nda telifler daha eskiye uzan\u0131r. S\u00f6zgelimi Kuran\u2019\u0131n tefsiri \u00f6zelinde ilk teliflerin Mukatil bin S\u00fcleyman\u2019a (150), S\u00fcfyan es-Sevri\u2019ye (161), Veki\u2019 bin el-Cerrah\u2019a (197) ve S\u00fcfyan bin Uyeyne\u2019ye (198) ait oldu\u011fu kaydedilir. Sahabe ve tabiin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini cemeden bu eserlerin ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc as\u0131rda \u0130bni Cerir et-Taberi\u2019nin (310) Camiu\u2019l Beyan fi Tevili\u2019l Kuran adl\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gelir. Taberi tefsiri, serdetti\u011fi rivayet zenginli\u011fiyle, tercih ve ictihatlar\u0131ndaki dirayet derinli\u011fiyle mesur tefsirlerin \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zerke\u015fi\u2019nin el-Burhan\u2019da \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u015feklinde tarif etti\u011fi tefsir ilmi, Taberi\u2019den sonra rivayet ve dirayet &#8211; re\u2019y ve nakl ekolleri ana g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131nda hayli \u00fcr\u00fcn verir. Her m\u00fcellif ihtisas sahas\u0131na g\u00f6re tefsirinde temeyy\u00fcz etmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Zeccac ve Vahidi\u2019nin tefsirleri garip kelime ve nahvi tahlil yo\u011funlu\u011fuyla, Sa\u2019lebi k\u0131sas, Zemah\u015feri beyan, Fahru\u2019r Razi kelam ve akliyyat y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn bask\u0131n olu\u015fuyla \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcrler.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kuran ilimlerinin tefsir alt-katagorisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda esbab-\u0131 n\u00fcz\u00fcl sahas\u0131nda ilk defa Ali \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l Medini\u2019nin (234) nasih ve mensuh sahas\u0131nda Ebu Ubeyde bin Sellam\u2019\u0131n (224), m\u00fc\u015fkil, garip, mecaz\u00fc\u2019l Kuran sahalar\u0131nda \u0130bni Kuteybe\u2019nin (276), \u0131caz\u00fc\u2019l Kuran sahas\u0131nda Rummani (384) ve Hattabi\u2019nin (388), k\u0131raat sahas\u0131nda Ebubekir Ahmed bin M\u00fccahid\u2019in (324), fezail sahas\u0131nda Ebu Ubeyde (224) ve Nesai\u2019nin (303) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz. (bkz. El-Medhal Lider\u00e2seti\u2019l Kurani\u2019l Kerim, Muhammed Ebu \u015eehbe; F\u00fcn\u00fbn\u00fc\u2019l Efn\u00e2n fi Ul\u00fbmil Kuran mukaddimesi, \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l Cevzi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Hadis_8211_Ulumul_Hadis\"><strong>Hadis &#8211; Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l Hadis<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnya ve ukban\u0131n maslahat\u0131na dair, gerek ad\u00e2b\u0131n talimi, gerek ahk\u00e2m\u0131n tafsili ve gerekse ay\u00e2t\u0131n tebyini kabilinden olsun; Nebi sallallah\u00fc aleyhi vesellemden gelen her t\u00fcr fiil, kavil, takrir veya h\u0131lki ve huluki vas\u0131f anlam\u0131nda s\u00fcnneti nebeviyye, te\u015fri-i \u0130slamiyyenin ikinci kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Necm suresi 3 ve 4., Bakara suresi 129 ve 151., Nisa suresi 113., Ahzap suresi 34. ve Cuma suresi 2. ayetleri, Kuran\u2019\u0131n metl\u00fcv, S\u00fcnnet\u2019in de gayri metluv bir vahiy oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. \u0130mam \u015eafii rahimeh\u00fcllah bu ayetlerdeki \u2018kitab\u2019\u0131n Kuran, \u2018hikmet\u2019in ise, g\u00fcvenilir ilim ehlinden duydu\u011fu\u011funa g\u00f6re s\u00fcnnet oldu\u011funu, zaten kitapla biti\u015fik gelen bu t\u00fcr ayetlerde hikmeti s\u00fcnnet d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda anlaman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular. (er-Risale, 111) Kald\u0131 ki, \u201cDikkat edin! Bana kitap ve onunla birlikle benzeri bir \u015fey daha verildi.\u201d (Ebu Davud, Tirmizi) ve \u201cAllah bana Kuran\u2019\u0131 ve onun benzeri bir hikmeti verdi\u201d (Merasil-i Ebi Davud) hadisleri bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan t\u0131pk\u0131 Kuran-\u0131 Kerim\u2019i cem, tedvin, istinsah ve te\u015fkil s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle kaydu zapt alt\u0131na alman\u0131n do\u011frudan dini muhafaza anlam\u0131na geldi\u011finin bilincinde olan sahabe, S\u00fcnnet\u2019i de ayn\u0131 titizlikle kaydetmi\u015f, fakat yalan, uydurma haber ve Nebi Aleyhisselama as\u0131ls\u0131z s\u00f6z isnad\u0131 akla dahi gelmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in hadisleri tedvin ve tasnif etmemi\u015flerdi. (Hadis tarihi \u00f6zelinde takyit, tedvin ve tasnif aras\u0131ndaki ince fark i\u00e7in bkz. M\u00fcsned-i Humeydi mukaddimesi, H\u00fcseyn Selim Esed; Mekay\u00ees\u00fcllu\u011fa, \u0130bni Faris)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konumuz sahabenin hadise olan d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu konuda \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir misalle yetinelim. Cabir bin Abdillah anlat\u0131yor: Nebi Sallallah\u00fc aleyhi vesellemin ashab\u0131ndan birinin bana bir hadis rivayeti ula\u015ft\u0131. Bunu kendisinden duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. (Hadis ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan ula\u015f\u0131nca, gidip bizzat kendisinden i\u015fitmek \u00fczere) bir deve sat\u0131n ald\u0131m ve yola koyuldum. Bir ay s\u00fcren yolculuk sonunda \u015eam\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131m ve bu sahabinin Abdullah bin \u00dcneys el-Ensari oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Yan\u0131na var\u0131p dedim ki, bana -yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131klar konusunda- Allah Ras\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019nden benim i\u015fitmedi\u011fim bir hadisi senin duydu\u011fun haberi ula\u015ft\u0131. Onu bizzat senden duymadan ikimizden birinin \u00f6lece\u011finden korktum ve geldim. O bunun \u00fczerine hadisi aktard\u0131: \u201cRas\u00fcl Sallallah\u00fc aleyhi vesellemden i\u015fittim ki\u2026\u201d (Buhari, Edeb\u00fc\u2019l M\u00fcfred; Ahmed bin Hanbel, laf\u0131z Beyhaki rivayeti)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Asr\u0131 saadette durum b\u00f6yleyken hicri 2.asr\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren \u00f6zellikle Rafiziler, Z\u0131nd\u0131klar, ter\u011fip terhip ve fedail konusundaki m\u00fctesahil ki\u015filer ve bir \u00f6nder veya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f muteass\u0131plar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan hadis uydurman\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, yalan ve fitnenin ba\u015f g\u00f6stermesi, alimleri hadis kab\u00fcl\u00fcnde bir kriter olmak \u00fczere cerh ve tadil kaideleri vazetmeye sevketti. Sahih-i M\u00fcslim\u2019in muakaddimesindeki \u015fu rivayetler yeterli kanaat olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r: \u201cBiz bir adam\u0131n \u2018Ras\u00fcl\u00fcllah Sallallah\u00fc aleyhi vesellem \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdu\u2019 dedi\u011fini duydu\u011fumuzda, hemen g\u00f6zlerimizi ona diker, diyeceklerine kulak kesilirdik. Fakat insanlar g\u00fczel-\u00e7irkin, do\u011fru-yanl\u0131\u015f her \u015feyi yapmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca, ancak bildi\u011fimiz kimselerin hadis rivayetlerini almaya ba\u015flad\u0131k.\u201d (\u0130bni Abbas) \u201c\u00d6nceleri isnattan sormazlard\u0131. Ne zaman ki, fitne ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi, \u2018ravilerinizi s\u00f6yleyin bakal\u0131m\u2019 demeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Art\u0131k ravi incelemesi sonucu ehli s\u00fcnnet olan\u0131n hadisi al\u0131n\u0131yor, ehli bidat olan\u0131n reddolunuyordu.\u201d (\u0130bni Sirin) \u201c\u0130snad dinin gere\u011fidir. E\u011fer isnad olmasayd\u0131, dileyen diledi\u011fini s\u00f6ylerdi.\u201d (Abdullah ibni M\u00fcbarek) (Daha fazla s\u00f6z ve diyalog i\u00e7in bkz. Sahih-i M\u00fcslim\u2019in mukaddimesi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hicri 1.asr\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Emevi halifesi \u00d6mer bin Abdulaziz\u2019in (d.63-v.101) \u0130mam Z\u00fchri\u2019yi g\u00f6revlendirmesiyle resmen ba\u015flayan hadisleri tedvin s\u00fcreci, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc as\u0131rda us\u00fbl-i hadis ismiyle telif edilen ilk m\u00fcstakil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kadar c\u00fczi eserler halinde bir\u00e7ok a\u015fama kaydetti. \u0130mam \u015eafii\u2019nin er-Risale ve el-\u00dcmm\u2019\u00fcnde m\u00fcndemic olan hadis metodolojisi, \u0130mam M\u00fcslim\u2019in Sahih\u2019ine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun ilmi mukaddimesi, keza Ebu Davud es-Sicistani\u2019nin Mekke ehline yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 risalede hedis metoduna ili\u015fkin anlatt\u0131klar\u0131, \u0130mam Tirmizi\u2019nin el-Camii sonundaki el-Ilel\u00fc\u2019l-M\u00fcfred\u2019i, Buhari\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7 tarih kitab\u0131 ve bunlar gibi 2.,3. ve 4. as\u0131rda telif edilen tarih, tabakat, vefeyat ve cerh tadil kitaplar\u0131 us\u00fbl-i hadis veya ul\u00fbm-i hadisin yekpare ilim olma yolundaki ilk kilometre ta\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tam burada \u0130bni Hacer\u2019den k\u0131sa bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u00f6zetleyerek us\u00fbl-i hadisteki ilk m\u00fcstakil eserleri g\u00f6relim: \u201cBu sahada ilk tasnif el-Muhaddis\u00fc\u2019l Fas\u0131l kitab\u0131yla kad\u0131 Ebu Muhammed er-Rameh\u00fcrm\u00fczi\u2019ye (360) aittir. Fakat o sahan\u0131n t\u00fcm konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flememi\u015ftir. Onun akabinde H\u00e2kim Ebu Abdullah en-Nisaburi (405) gelir. Fakat o da (Marifet\u00fc Ulumi\u2019l-Hadis kitab\u0131nda) bir sadele\u015ftirme ve tertip ortaya koymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00e2kim en-Nisaburi\u2019in ard\u0131ndan onun \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018istihrac\u2019 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla Ebu Nuaym el-Isbehani (430) ve rivayet ilkelerine dair el-Kifaye\u2019si, rivayet adab\u0131na dair el-Camii li Adabi\u2019\u015f \u015eeyh ve\u2019s Sami\u2019 kitaplar\u0131yla Hatip el-Ba\u011fdadi (463) gelir. Kendisi, hakk\u0131nda \u201cinsaf sahibi herkes bilir ki, Hatip\u2019ten sonraki muhaddisler onun yapt\u0131klar\u0131na muhta\u00e7t\u0131rlar\u201d (Ebubekir \u0130bni Nukta) denecek kadar sahan\u0131n hemen her alt-ilmiyle ilgili m\u00fcstakil eser kaleme alm\u0131\u015f bir muhaddistir. Ondan sonraki irili ufakl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan en kayda de\u011feri, yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belli kritik ve tertipten sonra Mukaddimet\u00fc \u0130bni\u2019s Salah ad\u0131yla \u00fcnlenen (ve gerek naz\u0131m, gerek \u015ferh, gerekse ihtisar olarak \u00fczerine bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) Ulum\u00fc\u2019l Hadis kitab\u0131yla y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n istifadesine sunan Takiyyuddin \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s Salah e\u015f-\u015eehrozori\u2019nin (643) gayretidir.\u201d (\u0130bn-i Hacer el-Askalani, Nuhbet\u00fc\u2019l Fiker)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u201d (Izzeddin \u0130bn-i Cemaa\u2019dan naklen. Tedrib\u00fc\u2019r Ravi, Celaleddin Suyuti) gibi bir\u00e7ok tarifi yap\u0131lan, mevzuu metin ve sened olan hadis ilmi sahih, hasen, zay\u0131f, m\u00fcsned, muttas\u0131l, merfu, mevkuf, maktu, m\u00fcrsel, munkat\u0131, mudal, muanan, m\u00fcdelles, \u015faz, m\u00fcnker, muallel, muzdarip, m\u00fcdrec, mevzu ve maklub hadislerin tarifleri ve h\u00fck\u00fcmleri; rivayeti kab\u00fcl edilen ve reddedilenler, sikalar\u0131n ziyadesi, hadis dinleme, yazma, zaptetme, kaydetme ve rivayet etme adab\u0131, \u00e2li ve n\u00e2zil isnad, hadiste nasih ve mensuh gibi konulardan bahdeser. (Konular Mukaddimet\u00fc \u0130bn-i Salah\u2019\u0131n fihristinden se\u00e7ildi.)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130&ccedil;indekiler\u0130limlerin Tasnif veya Taksimi Meselesi\u0130limlerin TedviniTefsir &#8211; Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l KuranHadis &#8211; Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l Hadis \u0130limlerin Tasnif veya Taksimi Meselesi \u00c2limlerimiz ilimleri muhtelif nokta-i nazarlardan farkl\u0131 taksime tabi tutmu\u015flar. Ke\u015f\u015faf\u00fc Ist\u0131lah\u00e2ti\u2019l F\u00fcn\u00fbn\u2019da Tehanevi nazari-ameli, \u00e2li (ba\u015fka bir ilme arac\u0131)-\u011fayri \u00e2li, \u015feri-\u011fayri \u015feri ve akli-nakli gibi taksimlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsederken, bir ba\u015fka literat\u00fcrist Ta\u015fk\u00f6pr\u00fczade el-Miftah\u2019ta varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kitabet, ibare, zihin ve [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[964],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4031"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4031"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4031\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4858,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4031\/revisions\/4858"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}