{"id":4101,"date":"2020-09-12T11:39:14","date_gmt":"2020-09-12T08:39:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/?p=4101"},"modified":"2022-09-26T17:33:36","modified_gmt":"2022-09-26T14:33:36","slug":"gazzali-ve-etkisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/gazzali-ve-etkisi\/","title":{"rendered":"Gazzali ve Etkisi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_wrap_left no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">\u0130&ccedil;indekiler<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#Hayati\">Hayat\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Etkisi\">Etkisi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Dusuncesi\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Eserleri\">Eserleri<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Hayati\"><strong>Hayat\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ebu Hamid el-Gazzal\u00ee, 1058\u2019de Horasan\u2019da do\u011fdu. Tus, C\u00fcrcan ve Nisabur\u2019da okudu. \u00d6\u011frenimini \u0130m\u00e2m\u00fc\u2019l-Harameyn C\u00fcveyn\u00ee\u2019nin (1028-1085) dersleriyle tamamlad\u0131. Ba\u011fdat\u2019a gitti, Nizamiye Medresesi\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na getirildi. \u0130nan\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi \u015f\u00fcphe krizinden sonra m\u00fcderrisli\u011fi b\u0131rak\u0131p on bir y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek inzivaya \u00e7ekildi. Sonra tekrar tedrisata d\u00f6nd\u00fc. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden yine inziva hayat\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Burada 1111 y\u0131l\u0131nda ruhunu teslim etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Etkisi\"><strong>Etkisi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130mam Gazzal\u00ee \u201cKu\u015fku ger\u00e7e\u011fe iletir\u201d ilkesini form\u00fcle ederek Ren\u00e9 Descartes\u2019e (1596-1650), \u201cDeney olaylar aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir; ama aralar\u0131nda zorunlu bir ba\u011f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez\u201d fikriyle David Hume\u2019a (1711-1776), \u201cAk\u0131l, t\u00fcm bilgileri kavramada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fil; zaman ve mek\u00e2n\u0131n da harici ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yok\u201d diyerek Immanuel Kant\u2019a (1724-1804); son olarak d\u00f6n\u00fcp sezgiye g\u00fcvenerek Henri Bergson\u2019a (1859-1941) \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di\u011fer yandan felsefeyi ehlis\u00fcnnet kelamc\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in izlenebilecek bir konuma getirdi. Kelamc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda felsefeye ilgi onun sayesinde giderek artt\u0131. Kelam\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Kelam kitaplar\u0131 felsefe konular\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011fun \u015fekilde i\u00e7erir hale geldi. T\u00fcm kelamc\u0131lar\u0131n etkisinden tesirlidir imam Gazzal\u00ee\u2019nin \u00fcmmete etkisi. Tasavvuf ve Kelam\u2019da yeni bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7t\u0131. Bat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00fczerine de etkide bulundu. Modern Avrupa felsefesi \u00fczerindeki tesiri b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici derecedeydi. Eserleri Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019dan Okyanusya\u2019ya kadar okundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Dusuncesi\"><strong>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130mam Gazzal\u00ee\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devir siyasi ve ilmi bak\u0131mdan \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmakta. Zira bu asra kadarki geli\u015fmeler sonucunda bu \u00e7a\u011fda kelam, tasavvuf, felsefe kurulup sistemle\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca Nizamulm\u00fclk\u2019\u00fcn (1018-1092) kurdu\u011fu Nizamiye Medresesi gibi \u00f6nemli e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 sap\u0131k cereyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 Ehlis\u00fcnnet akidesini koruyup yaymakta \u00f6nemli role sahiptiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gazzal\u00ee, ruhunu doyuma ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in d\u00f6nemin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6nemli dini ve fikri ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u015fahs\u0131nda toplad\u0131. Kat edilen \u00e7e\u015fitli bat\u0131ni mesafeleri kendi nefsinde yeniden tecr\u00fcbe etti. O ayn\u0131 zamanda hem fakih hem filozof hem septik ve sufi hem de kelamc\u0131 ve ahlak\u00e7\u0131 idi. \u015e\u00fcphesiz en \u00f6nemli yan\u0131 kelamc\u0131 olmas\u0131. \u00dcretken \u015fahsiyeti sayesinde kelam\u0131 ihya etti ve onun de\u011ferlerini yeniledi, geli\u015ftirdi. Felsefeye bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 kayda de\u011fer bir orijinallik ta\u015f\u0131r; \u015fekil vermekten \u00f6teye daha \u00e7ok tenkit\u00e7idir. En ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara inebilen analitik bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla felsefecileri tenkit eder. Samimiyeti ve a\u00e7\u0131k fikirlili\u011fi sayesinde hakl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 noktalarda da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini kabul eder. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir fikri cesaretle Aristoteles (382-322) ve Platon (427-347) felsefeleri ve bunlar\u0131n Farabi (870-950) ve \u0130bni Sina (980-1037) gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman temsilcileri i\u00e7in \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ehlis\u00fcnnet m\u00fcdafisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca insanlar\u0131n din veya mezhep se\u00e7erken kesin bilgiye dayanmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Taklit, \u00e7evre etkisi, b\u00fcy\u00fcklerin ard\u0131ndan g\u00f6z\u00fc kapal\u0131 gitmek; f\u0131rkalardaki ba\u011fnazl\u0131k, din ve mezheplere \u015fiddetle ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fckl\u00fcyordu. H\u00e2lbuki bir taklidi di\u011fer taklitten \u00fcst\u00fcn tutmak ahmakl\u0131kt\u0131. Bunu fark ettikten sonra yakini bilginin yollar\u0131n\u0131 aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk olarak kafas\u0131ndaki bilgi c\u00fcmb\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc elekten ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130ki bilgiye g\u00fcveniyordu; duyu (hissiyat) ve ak\u0131l (zaruriyat) ile elde etti\u011fi bilgiler. \u0130lk yolla bildi\u011fi \u015feylerden \u015f\u00fcphe etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hisler insan\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu kez yan\u0131lt\u0131yordu; ufukta ufac\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnen y\u0131ld\u0131z asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. Geriye sadece akl\u0131n dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler kald\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7, ondan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr gibi zaruri\/ apriorik bilgiler g\u00fcvenilir gibiydi. Fakat ak\u0131l duyulardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fildi; duyular gibi ak\u0131l da yan\u0131ltabilirdi. Ak\u0131l, duyular alg\u0131larken yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yordu; akl\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ba\u015fka bir \u201ch\u00e2kim\u201d de akl\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmlerindeki yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 kan\u0131tlayabilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00f6ylece duyumsal ve zaruri\/apriorik bilgilerin temelini sarst\u0131. Her bilgiden \u015f\u00fcphe etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu halden nas\u0131l kurtuldu\u011funu kendi \u015f\u00f6yle anlatmakta: \u201cBu durum yakla\u015f\u0131k iki ay s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sonunda Allah beni bu hastal\u0131ktan kurtard\u0131. Zaruri bilgilerin kesin bilgi oldu\u011funa inand\u0131m. Bu bir istidlal s\u00fcrecinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131; sadece ve sadece Allah\u2019\u0131n kalbime b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir nur sebebiyleydi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><span id=\"Eserleri\"><strong>Eserleri<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En \u00e7ok eser veren \u0130slam m\u00fctefekkirlerindendir. En me\u015fhur olan\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u0130hy\u00e2u ul\u00fbmi\u2019d-d\u00een\u2019i. Kelamda Fed\u00e2ihu\u2019l-B\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131yye, el-\u0130ktis\u00e2d fi\u2019l-itik\u00e2d, Faysal\u00fc\u2019t-tefrika beyne\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m ve\u2019z-zendaka, el-Kan\u00fbn\u00fc\u2019l-k\u00fcll\u00ee fi\u2019t-te\u2019v\u00eel; Felsefede Mak\u00e2s\u0131d\u00fc\u2019l-fel\u00e2sife, Teh\u00e2f\u00fct\u00fc\u2019l-fel\u00e2sife, el-Madn\u00fbn bih al\u00e2 gayri ehlih, el-Madn\u00fbn bih al\u00e2 ehlih, el-M\u00fcnk\u0131z mine\u2019d-dal\u00e2l, Mi\u015fk\u00e2t\u00fcl-env\u00e2r, er-Ris\u00e2let\u00fcl-led\u00fcnniyye; F\u0131k\u0131hta el-Bas\u00eet fil-f\u00fcr\u00fb, el-Vas\u00eet, el-Vec\u00eez; Usulde el-Mustasf\u00e2 f\u00ee ilmi\u2019l-us\u00fbl; Mant\u0131kta Mi\u2018y\u00e2ru\u2019l-ilm Mihakku\u2019n-nazar f\u00ee ilmi\u2019l-mant\u0131k; Tasavuf ve Ahlakta \u0130hya\u2019u ul\u00fbmi\u2019d-d\u00een, Miz\u00e2n\u00fcl-amel ve Bid\u00e2yet\u00fc\u2019l-Hid\u00e2ye\u2019si eserlerinden birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130&ccedil;indekilerHayat\u0131EtkisiD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiEserleri Hayat\u0131 Ebu Hamid el-Gazzal\u00ee, 1058\u2019de Horasan\u2019da do\u011fdu. Tus, C\u00fcrcan ve Nisabur\u2019da okudu. \u00d6\u011frenimini \u0130m\u00e2m\u00fc\u2019l-Harameyn C\u00fcveyn\u00ee\u2019nin (1028-1085) dersleriyle tamamlad\u0131. Ba\u011fdat\u2019a gitti, Nizamiye Medresesi\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na getirildi. \u0130nan\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi \u015f\u00fcphe krizinden sonra m\u00fcderrisli\u011fi b\u0131rak\u0131p on bir y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek inzivaya \u00e7ekildi. Sonra tekrar tedrisata d\u00f6nd\u00fc. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden yine inziva hayat\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Burada 1111 y\u0131l\u0131nda ruhunu teslim etti. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":4342,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[560],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4101"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4101"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4101\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4886,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4101\/revisions\/4886"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4342"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4101"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}