{"id":94,"date":"2021-09-10T14:53:46","date_gmt":"2021-09-10T11:53:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.safirtema.com\/safirblog\/2018\/05\/03\/yapimcilik-akademisi-devam-ediyor\/"},"modified":"2021-12-02T12:38:13","modified_gmt":"2021-12-02T09:38:13","slug":"sahih-hadis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/sahih-hadis\/","title":{"rendered":"Sahih Hadis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s-Sal\u00e2h<\/a>\u2019\u0131n tarifine g\u00f6re sahih hadis, isnad\u2019\u0131 muttas\u0131l, r\u00e2vileri adalet ve zabt sahibi, \u015f\u00e2z ve muallel olmayan hadistir. \u0130bn Hacer ise, sahih hadisin tarifini yaparken haber-i v\u00e2hid <\/a>kavram\u0131yla yapmaktad\u0131r. Peki \u0130bn Hacer\u2019in tan\u0131ma haber-i v\u00e2hid ile ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi sizce nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cevap:<\/strong> Haber-i v\u00e2hid, kabul ve red a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bir hadis \u015fayet zay\u0131f ya da mevz\u00fb de\u011filse makbul hadistir. M\u00fctevatir haber ise kabul ve red a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelenmez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir haberin m\u00fctevatir olmas\u0131 demek, kesin bilgi ifade etmesi demektir. Kesin bilgi ifade eden haberleri, sahih-zay\u0131f \u015feklinde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131ramay\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi de \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s-Sal\u00e2h\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131 biraz a\u00e7al\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muttas\u0131l: <\/strong>Senedde yer alan her bir r\u00e2vinin hocas\u0131ndan hadisi i\u015fiterek sonraki nesle aktarmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylelikle isnadda herhangi bir kopuklu\u011fun olu\u015fmamas\u0131. \u0130snad\u0131 muttas\u0131l demekle m\u00fcrsel, munkat\u0131<\/a>\u2019, mu\u2019dal, muallak, m\u00fcdelles gibi isnad\u0131nda kopukluk meydana gelen hadisler, sahih hadis tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adalet:<\/strong> Takva ve muruet sahibi anlam\u0131na gelir. Takva, dini hassasiyeti ifade eden bir kavram iken muruet, sosyal ya\u015fant\u0131 hassasiyetini ifade eden bir kavramd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zabt: <\/strong>R\u00e2vinin \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi bilgiyi koruyabilme becerisidir. Hadisi ezberlemi\u015fse ezberinde iyi korumas\u0131 gerekir, e\u011fer kitab\u0131na yazm\u0131\u015fsa kitab\u0131n\u0131 iyi korumas\u0131 gerekir. Hadis ilminde bu k\u0131s\u0131mlar i\u00e7in zabt-\u0131 sadr ile zabt-\u0131 satr denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00e2z:<\/strong> Bu kavram\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kavram\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi \u00f6rnekleri derinlemesine analiz etmek gerek. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc daha ilk d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren \u015f\u00e2z kavram\u0131n\u0131n tarifinde ihtilaf edilmi\u015f. Bilindi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla \u015f\u00e2z kavram\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan ilk ki\u015fi, \u0130mam \u015e\u00e2fi\u00ee\u2019dir (\u00f6. 204). Kendisi \u015f\u00e2z kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u201csikan\u0131n, rivayetinde di\u011ferlerine muhalef etmesi\u201d \u015feklinde tarif etmi\u015ftir. H\u00e2kim en-N\u00ees\u00e2b\u00fbr\u00ee (\u00f6. 405) ise \u201csikan\u0131n, m\u00fct\u00e2baat\u0131 olmayan bir hadisi rivayet ederek teferr\u00fcd etmesi\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u015f\u00e2z hadisi. Hal\u00eel\u00ee (\u00f6. 446) de \u015f\u00e2z hadisi \u201csika olsun olmas\u0131n, \u015feyhin tek bir isnadl\u0131 rivayeti nakletmesidir; sika olmayan\u0131n rivayeti merdud iken sika olan\u0131n rivayetinde tevakkuf edilir, hemen delil olarak kullan\u0131lmaz\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlar. \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s-Sal\u00e2h (\u00f6. 643) da meseleyi \u015f\u00e2z-\u0131 merdud ve \u015f\u00e2z-\u0131 makbul a\u00e7\u0131dan inceler. Son olarak \u0130bn Hacer (\u00f6. 852) de \u015f\u00e2z hadisi, \u201cr\u00e2vinin daha \u00fcst\u00fcn bir r\u00e2viye muhalefeti\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere \u015f\u00e2z hadis hakk\u0131nda farkl\u0131 tan\u0131mlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz: \u015f\u00e2z hadisin mevzusu, r\u00e2vinin teferr\u00fcd\u00fc ile ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muallel: Hadisin illetli olmamas\u0131. Bir hadis, t\u00fcm s\u0131hhat \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na ra\u011fmen herhangi bir illeti bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yorsa o hadis sahih de\u011fildir. Peki illet dedi\u011fimiz \u015feyler ne olabilir? Bunlar: teferr\u00fcd, muhalefet, m\u00fcrselin muttas\u0131l aktar\u0131lmas\u0131, tedlis, mevkuf <\/a>rivayetin merf\u00fb <\/a>aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 vs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahih hadis, lizatihi ve li\u011fayrihi \u015feklinde iki k\u0131s\u0131mda incelenmi\u015ftir. Sahih lizatihi, s\u0131hhat \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan hadis i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ifadedir. Zabt\u0131ndaki kusurdan dolay\u0131 haddi zat\u0131nda sahih olamayan bir rivayet, ba\u015fka tariklerle desteklendi\u011finde dolayl\u0131 yoldan sahih oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in buna da sahih li\u011fayrihi denmi\u015ftir. Ancak \u015funu da belirtelim: m\u00fctekaddim d\u00f6nemde hadisler, sahih-zay\u0131f \u015feklinde taksim edilirken \u0130bn Hacer N\u00fczhe<\/em>\u2019de, makbul \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde hem sahihi hem de hasen hadisi ikiye ay\u0131rarak d\u00f6rtl\u00fc taksimi benimsemi\u015ftir. Sahih hadislerin b\u00f6ylesi bir taksimi, m\u00fctekaddim d\u00f6nem ile m\u00fcteahhir d\u00f6nem hadis usul\u00fcn\u00fcn farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlardan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi sahih hadisle alakal\u0131 baz\u0131 meselelere de\u011finelim. \u0130lk olarak sahih hadislerin her biri farkl\u0131 bir derecededir. Sahih hadisler aras\u0131nda da derece farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olmas\u0131 gayet do\u011fald\u0131r. Peki \u201changi hadislerin s\u0131hhat \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc daha kuvvetlidir\u201d \u015feklinde bir soru ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsak\u2026 Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 esahhu\u2019l-es\u00e2n\u00eed denilen, en sa\u011flam isnadl\u0131 hadisler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kavram\u0131n alt\u0131nda gizli. Bu kavram, r\u00e2vilerinin di\u011fer r\u00e2vilere k\u0131yasla daha sika oldu\u011funu ifade eden bir kavramd\u0131r. Tabi ki tek bir esahhu\u2019l-es\u00e2n\u00eed\u2019den s\u00f6z etmek pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. \u0130snad\u0131n kuvveti hakk\u0131nda ortaya at\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, birer i\u00e7tihat oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n da farkl\u0131l\u0131k arz etmesi do\u011fal. Yine de baz\u0131 esahhu\u2019l-es\u00e2n\u00eed \u00f6rneklerine yer verelim: \u0130sh\u00e2k b. R\u00e2huye\u2019den aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re en sahih isnad \u201cZ\u00fchr\u00ee-S\u00e2lim-Abdullah b. \u00d6mer\u201d isnad\u0131d\u0131r. Yahya b. Ma\u00een\u2019den aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cA\u2019me\u015f-\u0130brahim en-Neha\u00ee-Alkame-Abdullah b. Mes\u2019\u00fbd\u201d isnad\u0131d\u0131r. Buh\u00e2r\u00ee\u2019den aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cMalik-N\u00e2fi\u2019-Abdullah b. \u00d6mer\u201d isnad\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sahih hadisle ilgili bir ba\u015fka konu, sahih hadisleri bar\u0131nd\u0131ran hadis literat\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Buh\u00e2r\u00ee\u2019nin Sah\u00eeh<\/em>\u2019i ile M\u00fcslim\u2019in Sah\u00eeh<\/em>\u2019i, sahih hadisleri bar\u0131nd\u0131ran hadis kitaplar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Hatta bu iki kitapta ortak olarak ge\u00e7en hadisler i\u00e7in m\u00fcttefekun aleyh<\/em> kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yine Tirmiz\u00ee, Eb\u00fb D\u00e2vud, Nes\u00e2\u00ee ve \u0130bn M\u00e2ce\u2019nin S\u00fcnen<\/em>\u2019leri de sahih hadisleri bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bu 6 kitaba K\u00fct\u00fcb-i Sitte<\/a><\/em> denilir. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0130mam Malik\u2019in Muvatta<\/em>\u2019\u0131, Ahmed b. Hanbel\u2019in M\u00fcsned<\/em>\u2019i, D\u00e2rim\u00ee\u2019nin S\u00fcnen<\/em>\u2019i, \u0130bn Huzeyme\u2019nin Sah\u00eeh<\/em>\u2019i, \u0130bn Hibban\u2019\u0131n Sah\u00eeh<\/em>\u2019i de sahih hadisleri bar\u0131nd\u0131ran hadis kitaplar\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eunu da hemen belirtelim: Bu kitaplar, her ne kadar derece bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir s\u0131raya tabi tutulsa da hadis ilminde s\u0131hhat, isnadla belirlenir. Yani bir hadis M\u00fcslim\u2019in Sah\u00eeh<\/em>\u2019inde ge\u00e7iyor diye o hadise hemen sahih h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc vermek do\u011fru olmaz. Her ne kadar Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ile M\u00fcslim, sahih hadisleri toplamay\u0131 gaye edinse de kitaplar\u0131nda baz\u0131 illetli hadisler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ile M\u00fcslim\u2019den s\u00f6z etmi\u015fken sahih hadislerin nas\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6z atal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.Derece: Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ile M\u00fcslim\u2019in ortak nakletti\u011fi hadisler (m\u00fcttefekun aleyh<\/em>)
2.Derece: Buh\u00e2r\u00ee\u2019nin nakletti\u011fi, M\u00fcslim\u2019in nakletmedi\u011fi hadisler
3.Derece: M\u00fcslim\u2019in nakletti\u011fi, Buh\u00e2r\u00ee\u2019nin nakletmedi\u011fi hadisler
4.Derece: Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ile M\u00fcslim\u2019in \u015fart\u0131na uygun oldu\u011fu ama eserlerine almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hadisler
5.Derece: Buh\u00e2r\u00ee\u2019nin \u015fart\u0131na uygun oldu\u011fu ama eserine almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hadisler
6.Derece: M\u00fcslim\u2019in \u015fart\u0131na uygun oldu\u011fu ama eserine almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hadisler
7.Derece: Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ile M\u00fcslim\u2019in d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer musanniflere g\u00f6re sahih ama Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ya da M\u00fcslim\u2019in \u015fart\u0131na uygun olmayan hadisler<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Bu makaleyi okuyanlar i\u00e7in tavsiye yaz\u0131: “Hadis-i Kudsi<\/a>“<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Kaynaklar<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Akp\u0131nar, \u00d6mer Faruk. Rivayet Asr\u0131nda \u0130llet Bezz\u00e2r \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/em>, TDV Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2021.
Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, Abdullah. Hadis Ist\u0131lahlar\u0131 S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>, \u0130fav Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2016.
Eb\u00fb Ya\u2018l\u00e2el-Hal\u00eel\u00ee, el-\u0130r\u015f\u00e2df\u00eema\u02bfrifeti\u02bfulem\u00e2\u02bei\u2019l-\u1e25ad\u00ees\u0331<\/em> (n\u015fr. M. Sa\u00eed b. \u00d6mer\u0130dr\u00ees), I-III, Riyad 1409\/1989.
H\u00e2kim, Eb\u00fbAbdill\u00e2h Muhammed b. Abdill\u00e2h el-H\u00e2kim. Ma\u2019rifet\u00fc \u2018ul\u00fbmi\u2019l-had\u00ees<\/em> (thk: Ahmed b. F\u00e2ris es-Sel\u00fbm), Beyrut, 2003, D\u00e2ru\u0130bnHazm.
\u0130bn Hacer, Ahmed b. Ali el-Askal\u00e2n\u00ee, N\u00fczhet\u00fc\u2019n-nazar<\/em>, D\u0131ma\u015fk 1421\/2000.
\u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s-Sal\u00e2h, Osman b. Abdirrahm\u00e2n e\u015f-\u015eehrez\u00fbr\u00ee. \u2018Ul\u00fbmu\u2019l-had\u00ees<\/em>, (n\u015fr. Nureddin Itr), D\u0131ma\u015fk 1406\/1986.
M\u00fcslim, Ebu\u2019l-H\u00fcseyin M\u00fcslim b. el-Hacc\u00e2c el-Ku\u015feyr\u00ee en-N\u00ees\u00e2b\u00fbr\u00ee, Sah\u00eehu M\u00fcslim<\/em> (thk: Muhammed Fu\u00e2dAbdulb\u00e2k\u00ee), Beyrut, 1956, D\u00e2ru\u0130hy\u00e2i\u2019t-T\u00fcr\u00e2si\u2019l-Arab\u00ee.
\u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s-Sal\u00e2h, \u2018Ul\u00fbmu\u2019l-had\u00ees<\/em>, s. 11-12.
\u0130bn Hacer, N\u00fczhet\u00fc\u2019n-nazar<\/em>, s. 58.
H\u00e2kim, Ma\u2019rifet\u00fc \u2018ul\u00fbmi\u2019l-had\u00ees<\/em>, s. 375.
N\u00fczhet\u00fc\u2019n-nazar<\/em>, s. 59. N\u00fczhe<\/em>\u2019deki di\u011fer \u015f\u00e2z tan\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bk. s. 72, 104.
\u0130llet gerek\u00e7eleri i\u00e7in bk. \u00d6mer Faruk Akp\u0131nar, Riv\u00e2yet Asr\u0131nda \u0130llet \u2013 Bezz\u00e2r \u00d6rne\u011fi \u2013<\/em> birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm.
\u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s-Sal\u00e2h, \u2018Ul\u00fbmu\u2019l-had\u00ees<\/em>, s. 27-28.
Bkz: Eb\u00fbYa\u2019l\u00e2 el-Hal\u00eel\u00ee, El-\u0130r\u015f\u00e2d<\/em>, s. 176-177. Hal\u00eel\u00ee\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarifteki \u2018\u015feyh\u2019 kavram\u0131 \u00f6nemli. \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019s-Sal\u00e2h, Hal\u00eel\u00ee\u2019nin tarifine, sikan\u0131n teferr\u00fcd\u00fcne dair \u201c\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u062a\u201d hadisini getirerek ve bu hadis \u00fczerinden sikan\u0131n teferr\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn delil olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00f6rnek vererek itiraz ediyor. Ancak Hal\u00eel\u00ee\u2019nin bahsetti\u011fi mesele, \u015feyhin teferr\u00fcd\u00fc. \u015eeyh ne demek peki? \u015eeyh, tek t\u00fck rivayeti olan muhaddise denir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re Hal\u00eel\u00ee de b\u00f6yle az rivayeti olan bir kimsenin teferr\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015f\u00e2z olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu rivayetin hemen delil olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sahih Hadis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2773,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[394,393,258,395,372,367,392,364],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/94"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=94"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/94\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2774,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/94\/revisions\/2774"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2773"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=94"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=94"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.emedrese.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=94"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}